Wednesday, September 30, 2009

Qualifications and regulation in the field of accounting

Requirements to be included in the accounting profession is different in each country.

United States

In the United States, practicing accountants called Certified Public Accountant (CPA), Certified Internal Auditor (CIA) and Certified Management Accountant (CMA). The difference is the type of certification in terms of the types of services offered, although one person might have more than one certificate. In addition, many accounting work done by someone without a certification but under the supervision of a certified accountant.

CPA certification was issued in the state where the respective positions of a license to offer auditing services to the public, although most firms also menawakan accounting services, taxation, litigation support and other financial consultancy. Requirements to obtain CPA certification vary across states, but test the Uniform Certified Public Accountant is required in every state. Tests are created and reviewed by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

CIA certification issued by the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), which is given to candidates who pass the exam in four parts. CIA mostly provides services to employers directly rather than to the public.

CMA certification granted by the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA), which is given to candidates who passed the four-part examination and meet certain practical experience IMA berdasarakan provisions. CMA mostly provides services to employers directly rather than to the public. CMA also offers his services to the public, but with a smaller scope than the CPA.

Bureau of Labor Statistics (Bureau of Labor Statistics) from the Department of Labor United States (United States Department of Labor) estimates there are about one million [4] people who worked as accountant and auditor in the United States.

British Commonwealth

In the UK, Canada, Australia British Commonwealth countries, is equivalent Certified Public Accountant (CPA) such as Chartered Accountant (CA - in the UK, British Commonwealth and some former British state, etc.), Chartered Certified Accountant (ACCA - UK), International Accountant ( AIA - UK), Certified Public Accountant (CPA - Ireland and Hong Kong), Certified General Accountant (CGA - Canada), and Certified Practising Accountant (CPA - Australia).

Canada

In Canada, there are three agencies that handle accounting: the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CA), the Certified General Accountants Association of Canada (CGA), and the Society of Management Accountants of Canada (CMA). CA and CGA was established by Act of Parliament in a row in 1902 and 1913 while the CMA was established in 1920.

CA program is focused into a public accountant and a candidate must have auditing experience from public accounting firm; CGA program provides the freedom for the candidate to choose a career in financial bidanga; CMA program focuses on management accounting. All three require each candidate to get a degree and practical experience before gaining certification.
Accounting History

Accounting as an art based on mathematical logic - now known as the "books in pairs" (double-entry bookkeeping) - has been understood in Italy since 1495 when Luca Pacioli (1445 to 1517), also known as the Friars (Fr) Luca dal Borgo, published his book on "books" in Venice. The first English-language book published in London known by John Gouge or Gough in 1543.

A compact book also displays the accounting instructions issued in 1588 by John Mellis of Southwark, in which he says, "I am but the renuer and reviver of an ancient old copie printed here in London the 14th of August 1543: collected, published, made, and set forth by one Hugh Oldcastle, Scholemaster, who, as appeareth by his Treatise, then taught Arithmetics, and this Booke in Saint Ollaves Parish in Marko Lane. " John Mellis refers to the fact that he accepted accounting principles to explain (which is a simple system of double entry / double entry) is "after the forme of Venice".

In the early 18 th century, the services of accountants based in London has been used for an investigation of a director of the South Sea Company, who was traded stock company. During this investigation, an accountant examine the books at least two of the company. Described in this report Sawbridge and Company, by Charles Snell, Writing Master and Accountant in Foster Lane, London. United States owes the concept of objective public accountant registered in England has memiiki Chartered Accountant in the 19th century.

Anuitas

Annuity is a series of acceptance or a fixed payment made periodically at a certain time period. An example is the interest received from bonds or a cash dividend of preferred stock.

There are two types of annuities:

1. Ordinary annuity (ordinary) is the annuity payment or acceptance that occurs at the end of the period, and
2. Annuity due (due) is the annuity the payment or receipt made in the beginning of the period.