Accounting Basics
In commercial enterprises accounting is involved in recording business transactions and then reporting the results in the form of financial statements.
To make the financial statements more understandable, there are some common rules known as generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). In the USA the lead organization for researching and issuing the accounting rules is the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).
All of the accounting rules are based on some underlying or basic accounting principles such as cost, matching, economic entity, going concern, revenue recognition, full disclosure, materiality, conservatism, and others. Accountants also strive for the financial reporting to be relevant and reliable.
The accounting system is known as double-entry, because every transaction will involve at least two accounts in a company's general ledger. The accounting system requires that at least one account be debited (amount entered on the left side) and one account be credited (amount entered on the right side).
The accrual basis of accounting provides a better picture of a company's financial results than the cash basis of accounting. Under the accrual basis of accounting, revenues and assets are reported when they are earned; expenses and liabilities are reported when they are incurred.
The output of the accounting system includes three main financial statements: balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. The balance sheet reports the financial position of a company at a moment in time, such as April 30, 2007. The balance sheet reports a company's assets, liabilities, and stockholders' equity. The income statement reports the company's profitability during a period of time. The statement of cash flows reports the changes in cash during the same period of time. The notes to the financial statements are an integral part of the financial statements.
Sample Accounting Basics Questions
1) The title of the asset account that reports the unexpired cost of insurance premiums that have already been paid is _____________ Insurance.
2) The owner's equity section of a corporation's balance sheet is known as shareholders equity or _______________________ equity.
3) The title of the liability account that reports amounts that were received by the company before they were earned is ________________ Revenues.
4) The financial statement that reports the financial position of a company as of an instant or point in time is the ________________ sheet.
5) The balance sheet reports amounts that apply at a particular ____________ in time.
6) An entry to the left-side of an account.
7) This component of Property, Plant & Equipment is not depreciated.
8) The accounting guideline that prevents assets from being reported at amounts greater than their cost is the __________ principle.
9) Sometimes inventory is reported at an amount that is __________ than cost.
10) The basis or method of accounting that is less effective than the accrual basis in measuring profitability.
Monday, June 9, 2008
Sunday, June 8, 2008
Standard Costing
Standard costing means assigning the expected, budgeted costs to the goods manufactured, the goods in inventory, and the goods sold. In other words, the amounts assigned are the costs that should occur when manufacturing products.
The actual costs are then compared to the standard costs and any differences are reported as variances. Since the standard costs are often tied to the company's annual profit plan, a variance is also an indicator that the actual profit will be different from the planned amount.
To illustrate standard costs, let's assume that a company's profit plan includes a standard of 15 pounds of material at $4 per pound for each unit produced. The standard for the direct labor is 30 minutes at $12 per hour for each unit manufactured. Manufacturing overhead is budgeted to be $36 per direct labor hour. Based on this information, the standard cost for one unit of output is $84 consisting of $60 (15 lbs. x $4 per pound) for direct material + $6 (0.5 hr. x $12 per hour) for direct labor + $18 (0.5 hr. x $36 per direct labor hour) for manufacturing overhead.
If the company manufactures 100 units and uses 1,550 pounds of material, there will be an unfavorable direct material usage variance of $200. This is determined by multiplying the output of 100 units x 15 lbs. (the standard lbs. allowed for each unit) = 1,500 lbs. The 1,500 standard lbs. versus the actual 1,550 lbs. meant that too much material was used to make the actual output. The additional 50 lbs. X $4 standard cost per lb. results in an unfavorable direct material usage variance of $200.
There will be a direct materials price variance when the actual cost of the materials is an amount other than $4 per pound. If the company pays more than $4 per pound, the materials price or purchase price variance will be unfavorable. If the company pays less than $4 per pound, the price variance will be favorable.
There are similar calculations for the direct labor. However, the usage or quantity variance for direct labor is referred to as the direct labor efficiency variance. If the actual labor hours are more than the standard hours allowed for the good output, an unfavorable efficiency variance is reported. The price variance for direct labor is referred to as the direct labor rate variance. If the actual pay rate is greater than the standard hourly pay rate, the variance is unfavorable.
Manufacturing overhead variances include a volume variance and a budget variance associated with the fixed manufacturing overhead. An efficiency variance and a spending (or flexible budget) variance pertain to the variable manufacturing overhead. When actual overhead costs are greater than the standard overhead allowed for the output, the variance is unfavorable.
Sample Standard Costing Questions
1) For inventory valuation in a standard cost system, standard costs are applied to the good _____________.
2) Standard costs are more helpful in determining whether a company operated ___________________ (effectively or efficiently) in producing its output during the accounting period.
3) This direct labor variance occurs when the direct labor is paid an hourly wage that is different from the standard hourly wage.
4) Because of seasonal fluctuations, manufacturing overhead standards are likely predetermined for the entire __________.
5) The total manufacturing overhead variance is the difference between the actual overhead costs incurred and the standard overhead costs __________ to the good output.
6) A variance that occurs when the actual direct labor hours are different from the standard number of direct labor hours.
7) When the actual cost of an input is less than the standard cost of an input, it is a _________________ variance.
8) If a company has variances that are very significant and its inventory balances have increased significantly, some of the variance balances should be allocated (or prorated) to ________________.
9) The fixed overhead volume variance is also referred to as the _________________ volume variance.
10) The variable manufacturing overhead variance occurring when the actual variable overhead costs are different from the costs expected for the actual inputs.
The actual costs are then compared to the standard costs and any differences are reported as variances. Since the standard costs are often tied to the company's annual profit plan, a variance is also an indicator that the actual profit will be different from the planned amount.
To illustrate standard costs, let's assume that a company's profit plan includes a standard of 15 pounds of material at $4 per pound for each unit produced. The standard for the direct labor is 30 minutes at $12 per hour for each unit manufactured. Manufacturing overhead is budgeted to be $36 per direct labor hour. Based on this information, the standard cost for one unit of output is $84 consisting of $60 (15 lbs. x $4 per pound) for direct material + $6 (0.5 hr. x $12 per hour) for direct labor + $18 (0.5 hr. x $36 per direct labor hour) for manufacturing overhead.
If the company manufactures 100 units and uses 1,550 pounds of material, there will be an unfavorable direct material usage variance of $200. This is determined by multiplying the output of 100 units x 15 lbs. (the standard lbs. allowed for each unit) = 1,500 lbs. The 1,500 standard lbs. versus the actual 1,550 lbs. meant that too much material was used to make the actual output. The additional 50 lbs. X $4 standard cost per lb. results in an unfavorable direct material usage variance of $200.
There will be a direct materials price variance when the actual cost of the materials is an amount other than $4 per pound. If the company pays more than $4 per pound, the materials price or purchase price variance will be unfavorable. If the company pays less than $4 per pound, the price variance will be favorable.
There are similar calculations for the direct labor. However, the usage or quantity variance for direct labor is referred to as the direct labor efficiency variance. If the actual labor hours are more than the standard hours allowed for the good output, an unfavorable efficiency variance is reported. The price variance for direct labor is referred to as the direct labor rate variance. If the actual pay rate is greater than the standard hourly pay rate, the variance is unfavorable.
Manufacturing overhead variances include a volume variance and a budget variance associated with the fixed manufacturing overhead. An efficiency variance and a spending (or flexible budget) variance pertain to the variable manufacturing overhead. When actual overhead costs are greater than the standard overhead allowed for the output, the variance is unfavorable.
Sample Standard Costing Questions
1) For inventory valuation in a standard cost system, standard costs are applied to the good _____________.
2) Standard costs are more helpful in determining whether a company operated ___________________ (effectively or efficiently) in producing its output during the accounting period.
3) This direct labor variance occurs when the direct labor is paid an hourly wage that is different from the standard hourly wage.
4) Because of seasonal fluctuations, manufacturing overhead standards are likely predetermined for the entire __________.
5) The total manufacturing overhead variance is the difference between the actual overhead costs incurred and the standard overhead costs __________ to the good output.
6) A variance that occurs when the actual direct labor hours are different from the standard number of direct labor hours.
7) When the actual cost of an input is less than the standard cost of an input, it is a _________________ variance.
8) If a company has variances that are very significant and its inventory balances have increased significantly, some of the variance balances should be allocated (or prorated) to ________________.
9) The fixed overhead volume variance is also referred to as the _________________ volume variance.
10) The variable manufacturing overhead variance occurring when the actual variable overhead costs are different from the costs expected for the actual inputs.
Accounting Equation
The accounting equation is Assets = Liabilities + Owner's (Stockholders') Equity. The accounting equation should remain in balance at all times because of double-entry accounting or bookkeeping. (Double-entry means that every transaction will affect at least two accounts in the general ledger.)
Here are some examples of how the accounting equation remains in balance. An owner's investment into the company will increase the company's assets and will also increase owner's equity. When the company borrows money from its bank, the company's assets increase and the company's liabilities increase. When the company repays the loan, the company's assets decrease and the company's liabilities decrease. If the company pays cash for a new delivery van, one asset (cash) will decrease and another asset (vehicles) will increase. If a company provides a service to a client and immediately receives cash, the company's assets increase and the company's owner's equity will increase because it has earned revenue. If the company provides a service and allows the client to pay in 30 days, the company has increased its assets (Accounts Receivable) and has also increased its owner's equity because it has earned service revenue. If the company runs a radio advertisement and agrees to pay later, the company will incur an expense that will reduce owner's equity and has increased its liabilities.
From our examples, you can see that owner's equity increased when the owner made an investment in the business and also when revenues were earned. Owner's equity decreased when the owner withdrew assets from the business and when expenses were incurred. This leads us to the expanded accounting equation:
Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity + Revenues – Expenses – Draws
Sample Accounting Equation Questions
1) Liabilities are amounts _______ by a company.
2) The collection of an account receivable will affect two _________ accounts.
3) Double-entry accounting is a key reason why the accounting ______________ remains in balance.
4) Along with owner's equity these are claims against a company's assets.
5) This word is often part of the account title of liabilities.
6) The accounting equation remains in balance because of the accounting system known as __________-entry.
7) The financial statement with a structure similar to the accounting equation is the __________ sheet.
8) Revenues + gains – expenses – losses = _____ income.
9) The balance sheet reports the financial position of a company at a moment or ________ in time.
10) A listing of all the accounts to which amounts can be posted is the ___________ of accounts.
Here are some examples of how the accounting equation remains in balance. An owner's investment into the company will increase the company's assets and will also increase owner's equity. When the company borrows money from its bank, the company's assets increase and the company's liabilities increase. When the company repays the loan, the company's assets decrease and the company's liabilities decrease. If the company pays cash for a new delivery van, one asset (cash) will decrease and another asset (vehicles) will increase. If a company provides a service to a client and immediately receives cash, the company's assets increase and the company's owner's equity will increase because it has earned revenue. If the company provides a service and allows the client to pay in 30 days, the company has increased its assets (Accounts Receivable) and has also increased its owner's equity because it has earned service revenue. If the company runs a radio advertisement and agrees to pay later, the company will incur an expense that will reduce owner's equity and has increased its liabilities.
From our examples, you can see that owner's equity increased when the owner made an investment in the business and also when revenues were earned. Owner's equity decreased when the owner withdrew assets from the business and when expenses were incurred. This leads us to the expanded accounting equation:
Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity + Revenues – Expenses – Draws
Sample Accounting Equation Questions
1) Liabilities are amounts _______ by a company.
2) The collection of an account receivable will affect two _________ accounts.
3) Double-entry accounting is a key reason why the accounting ______________ remains in balance.
4) Along with owner's equity these are claims against a company's assets.
5) This word is often part of the account title of liabilities.
6) The accounting equation remains in balance because of the accounting system known as __________-entry.
7) The financial statement with a structure similar to the accounting equation is the __________ sheet.
8) Revenues + gains – expenses – losses = _____ income.
9) The balance sheet reports the financial position of a company at a moment or ________ in time.
10) A listing of all the accounts to which amounts can be posted is the ___________ of accounts.
Activity Based Costing & Overhead
Activity based costing or ABC arose from the shortcomings of assigning an ever increasing amount of manufacturing overhead to products on the basis of one variable, such as direct labor hours or machine hours.
When manufacturing overhead costs are allocated, spread, or assigned to products on the basis of the production equipment's machine hours, a product run in small batches will be assigned few overhead dollars. However, this small batch might actually use a significant amount of setup time, movement of materials, and require other attention. Using only the machine hours as the means of allocation will mean this product will be assigned too little cost for all of the work it is causing.
Another product might run day and night with few setups and not much special handling. This product will be assigned an enormous amount of overhead based on the number of machine hours. This product will be assigned far more overhead costs than it is causing.
When companies manufacture diverse products and have diverse demands from its customers, the allocation of manufacturing overhead on one base, such as machine hours, will lead to cost distortions.
Activity based costing seeks to find the real cause of the overhead and to assign the overhead to the products and customers that are causing or driving the overhead costs. Rather than using the traditional allocation based on machine hours, managers are first determining the true cost of the activities being demanded for each product. With global competition, a company might lose a customer if it raises its price based on faulty cost allocations.
A common activity is setting up a machine for a production run. The setup activity is likely to be the same whether the production run will be 100 units or 10,000 units. If the setup activity costs $200, then $200 should be assigned to each batch or production run. If you don't recognize the setup activity and simply allocate the cost on the basis of machine hours, you might attract lots of small production runs and lose a lot of long production runs. That could lead to financial disaster.
Striving to learn about activities and their costs has led to what is referred to as activity based management.
When manufacturing overhead costs are allocated, spread, or assigned to products on the basis of the production equipment's machine hours, a product run in small batches will be assigned few overhead dollars. However, this small batch might actually use a significant amount of setup time, movement of materials, and require other attention. Using only the machine hours as the means of allocation will mean this product will be assigned too little cost for all of the work it is causing.
Another product might run day and night with few setups and not much special handling. This product will be assigned an enormous amount of overhead based on the number of machine hours. This product will be assigned far more overhead costs than it is causing.
When companies manufacture diverse products and have diverse demands from its customers, the allocation of manufacturing overhead on one base, such as machine hours, will lead to cost distortions.
Activity based costing seeks to find the real cause of the overhead and to assign the overhead to the products and customers that are causing or driving the overhead costs. Rather than using the traditional allocation based on machine hours, managers are first determining the true cost of the activities being demanded for each product. With global competition, a company might lose a customer if it raises its price based on faulty cost allocations.
A common activity is setting up a machine for a production run. The setup activity is likely to be the same whether the production run will be 100 units or 10,000 units. If the setup activity costs $200, then $200 should be assigned to each batch or production run. If you don't recognize the setup activity and simply allocate the cost on the basis of machine hours, you might attract lots of small production runs and lose a lot of long production runs. That could lead to financial disaster.
Striving to learn about activities and their costs has led to what is referred to as activity based management.
Saturday, June 7, 2008
Accounting Equation
The accounting equation is Assets = Liabilities + Owner's (Stockholders') Equity. The accounting equation should remain in balance at all times because of double-entry accounting or bookkeeping. (Double-entry means that every transaction will affect at least two accounts in the general ledger.)
Here are some examples of how the accounting equation remains in balance. An owner's investment into the company will increase the company's assets and will also increase owner's equity. When the company borrows money from its bank, the company's assets increase and the company's liabilities increase. When the company repays the loan, the company's assets decrease and the company's liabilities decrease. If the company pays cash for a new delivery van, one asset (cash) will decrease and another asset (vehicles) will increase. If a company provides a service to a client and immediately receives cash, the company's assets increase and the company's owner's equity will increase because it has earned revenue. If the company provides a service and allows the client to pay in 30 days, the company has increased its assets (Accounts Receivable) and has also increased its owner's equity because it has earned service revenue. If the company runs a radio advertisement and agrees to pay later, the company will incur an expense that will reduce owner's equity and has increased its liabilities.
From our examples, you can see that owner's equity increased when the owner made an investment in the business and also when revenues were earned. Owner's equity decreased when the owner withdrew assets from the business and when expenses were incurred. This leads us to the expanded accounting equation:
Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity + Revenues – Expenses – Draws
Here are some examples of how the accounting equation remains in balance. An owner's investment into the company will increase the company's assets and will also increase owner's equity. When the company borrows money from its bank, the company's assets increase and the company's liabilities increase. When the company repays the loan, the company's assets decrease and the company's liabilities decrease. If the company pays cash for a new delivery van, one asset (cash) will decrease and another asset (vehicles) will increase. If a company provides a service to a client and immediately receives cash, the company's assets increase and the company's owner's equity will increase because it has earned revenue. If the company provides a service and allows the client to pay in 30 days, the company has increased its assets (Accounts Receivable) and has also increased its owner's equity because it has earned service revenue. If the company runs a radio advertisement and agrees to pay later, the company will incur an expense that will reduce owner's equity and has increased its liabilities.
From our examples, you can see that owner's equity increased when the owner made an investment in the business and also when revenues were earned. Owner's equity decreased when the owner withdrew assets from the business and when expenses were incurred. This leads us to the expanded accounting equation:
Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity + Revenues – Expenses – Draws
Friday, June 6, 2008
Olimpiade blok
1. Di dalam kertas kerja saldo rugi akan muncul pada kolom ....
A. Rugi-laba, kredit dan neraca kredit
B. Rugi-laba debet dan neraca kredit
C. Rugi-laba, kredit dan neraca debet
D. Neraca debet dan penyesuaian kredit
E. Neraca debet dan penyesuaian debet
2. Pada tanggal 1 Agustus 2005 perusahaan membayar asuransi sebesar Rp 3. 600.000 untuk masa tiga tahun dan dicatat sebagai harta (pendekatan neraca). Biaya perbulan Rp 50.000, jika 31 Desember 2005 tutup buku, maka jurnal pembaliknya
A. Asuransi dibyr dimuka Rp 500.000
Beban asuransi Rp 500.000
B. Beban asuransi Rp 500.000
Asuransi dibyr dimuka Rp 500.000
C. Beban asuransi Rp 3.100.000
Asuransi dibyr dimuka Rp 3.100.000
D. Asuransi dibyr dimuka Rp 3.100.000
Beban asuransi Rp 3.100.000
E. Tidak ada
3. Sisa debet akun beban akhir periode akan dipindahkan ke akun ......
A. Modal (debet)
B. Ikhtisar R-L (debet)
C. Ikhtisar R-L (kredit)
D. Modal (kredit)
E. Prive (debet)
4. Diterima pembayaran sewa gedung Rp 3.600.000 untuk masa 2 tahun terhitung mulai tanggal 1 Agustus 2000. Pada saat menerima uang perusahaan mengkreditkan sewa diterima dimuka, maka jumlah yang harus disesuaikan adalah ....
A. Rp 2.850.000
B. Rp 750.000
C. Rp 3.000.000
D. Rp 600.000
E. Rp 150.000
5. Dalam neraca saldo terdapat akun perlengkapan Rp. 300.000. Jika diketahui jumlah perlengkapan yang terpakai sebesar Rp 250.000, maka jurnal penyesuaiannya adalah ..
A. Beban perlengkapan Rp 250.000
Perlengkapan Rp 250.000
B. Beban perlengkapan Rp 300.000
Perlengkapan Rp 300.000
C. Perlengkapan Rp 250.000
Beban perlengkapan Rp 250.000
D. Beban perlengkapan Rp 50.000
Perlengkapan Rp 50.000
E. Perlengkapan Rp 300.000
Beban perlengkapan Rp 300.000
6. Pada tanggal 31 Desember 2005 diperoleh data dari Perusahaan Dagang Istana Yogyakarta bahwa persediaan barang dagang Rp 8.500.000 Jurnal penyesuaian transaksi tersebut adalah ….
A. Kas Rp 8.500.000
Pesed. Brg Dag. Rp 8.500.000
B. Pesed. Brg Dag. Rp 8.500.000
Kas Rp 8.500.000
C. Pesed. Brg Dag. Rp 8.500.000
Pembelian Rp 8.500.000
D. Persed. Brg Dag. Rp 8.500.000
Ikhtisar Rugi laba Rp 8.500.000
E. Ikhtisar Rugi laba Rp 8.500.000
Persed. Brg Dag. Rp 8.500.000
7. Laporan perubahan modal berisikan ikhtisar tentang
A. Modal awal, kas, prive, rugi-laba
B. Modal awal, rugi-laba, kas, modal akhir
C. Modal awal, rugi-laba, prive, modal akhir
D. Modal awal, prive, piutang, modal akhir
E. Modal akhir, piutang, rugi-laba, modal awal
8. Persediaan barang dagangan awal Rp 100 dan persediaan barang akhir Rp 100. Penyesuaian untuk persediaan awal dengan pendekatan akun Ikhtisar Rugi/Laba adalah...
A. Persediaan barang dagang Rp 100
Ikhtisar Rugi/Laba Rp 100
B. Ikhtisar Rugi/Laba Rp 100
Persediaan barang dagang Rp 100
C. Persed. barang Rp 200
Ikhtisar Rugi/Laba Rp 200
D. Ikhtisar Rugi/Laba Rp 200
Persed. brg dagang Rp 200
E. Persed. barang Rp 100
Persediaan barang dagang Rp 100
9. Bentuk laporan keuangan rugi-laba ( income statement ) dimana diadakan pengelompokan atas jenis penghasilan dan jenis beban dan disusun dalam urutan tertentu disebut ....
A. Single step
B. Skontro
C. Multiple step
D. Stafel
E. Anglo saxon
10. Kata Per 31 Desember 2000 dalam neraca berarti menunjukkan .....
A. kodisi harta ,utang, modal pada saat 31 Desember 2000
B. kodisi harta ,utang, modal , pendapatn dan biaya pada saat 31 Desember 2000
C. kodisi harta ,utang, modal dalam satu periode tertentu
D. kodisi harta ,utang, modal suatu perusahaan
E. periode yang berakhir 31 Desember 2000
11. Jurnal pembalik dilakukan terhadap ......
A. Jurnal penutup
B. Semua jurnal penyesuaian
C. Semua jurnal umum
D. Jurnal yang menimbulkan akun riil baru
E. Jurnal khusus
12. Persediaan barang dagang pada Neraca Sisa per 31 Desember 2000 Rp 4.000.000 berdasarkan data akhir tahun, persediaan barang dagang Rp 5.000.000, maka akan nampak dalam neraca saldo setelah disesuaikan .....
A. di debet Rp 5.000.000
B. di debet Rp 4.000.000
C. di debet Rp 1.000.000
D. di debet Rp 9.000.000
E. di kredit Rp 9.000.000
13. Akun yang tidak ada pada neraca saldo setelah penutupan adalah ....
A. harta
B. utang
C. akumulasi penyusutan
D. modal
E. prive
14. Sebuah mesin dibeli tanggal 1 Mei 2005 dengan harga perolehan Rp 23.000.000 umur ekonomis 5 tahun dengan nilai residu Rp 2.000.000, Jika penyusutan dengan metode garis lurus , maka beban penyusutan tahun 2005 adalah …
A. Rp 4.200.000
B. Rp 4.300.000
C. Rp 1.400.000
D. Rp 4.500.000
E. Rp 2.800.000
15. Suatu perusahaan membayar gaji 1 karyawannya setiap hari sabtu sebesar Rp 30.000 untuk 6 hari kerja ( Senin sampai Sabtu). Bila akhir periode akuntansi jatuh pada hari Jumat dan jumlah karyawannya 10 orang , maka jurnal penyesuaian yang perlu dibuat adalah ...........
A. Beban gaji Rp 250.000
Kas Rp 250.000
B. Beban gaji Rp 250.000
Utang gaji Rp 250.000
C. Beban gaji Rp 50.000
Kas Rp 50.000
D. Beban gaji Rp 50.000
Utang gaji Rp 50.000
E. Beban gaji Rp 300.000
Utang gaji Rp 300.000
16. Dalam kertas kerja ada perkiraan cadangan kerugian piutang. Perkiraan tersebut akan dmasukkan dalam kolom
A. rugi / laba debit
B. rugi / laba kredit
C. neraca debet
D. neraca kredit
E. neraca sisa setelah disesuaikan debet
17. Modal awal Ria tanggal 1 Januari 2000 Rp 500.000 Prive Ria Rp 50.000 Modal Ria tanggal 31 Desember 2000 Rp 300.000, maka keadaan usaha dagang Ria selama tahun 2000, mengalami kerugian ....
A. Rp 350.000
B. Rp 50.000
C. Rp 100.000
D. Rp 250.000
E. Rp 50.000
18. Bentuk neraca yang meletakkan akun aktiva disebelah kiri dan akun utang serta modal disebelah kanan disebut bentuk neraca ....
A. Stafel
B. Single step
C. Account From
D. Skontro
E. Multiple step
19. Unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam Neraca meliputi
A. modal , harta, pendapatan, beban
B. modal , harta, utang
C. modal , pendapatan, utang
D. modal, beban , prive
E. modal , prive, utang, pendapatan
20. Fungsi jurnal penutup adalah .......
A. membuat keadaan keuangan yang sebenarnya
B. membalik jurnal penyesuaian supaya tidak keliru
C. mempermudah membuat laporan keuangan
D. membuat saldo nol perkiraan perantara
E. mencatat semua transaksi
B. Esai
21. Pada awal bulan November 2000 perusahaan meyewakan gudangnya dan menerima uang sewa sebesar Rp 24.000.000, untuk masa 2 tahun. Apabila perusahaan mencatat pendapatan sewa diterima dimuka dengan metode pendekatan neraca, maka buatlah :
a. Jurnal pada saat menerima uang sewa
b. Jurnal penyesuaian
c. Jurnal penutup
22. Jelaskan (penjelasan disertai contoh) mengapa pencatatan beban dibayar dimuka yang dicatat dengan pendekatan neraca (harta) tidak memerlkukan jurnal pembalik!
23. UD MAJU, Neraca Saldo jawabane lapora keuangan
A. Rugi-laba, kredit dan neraca kredit
B. Rugi-laba debet dan neraca kredit
C. Rugi-laba, kredit dan neraca debet
D. Neraca debet dan penyesuaian kredit
E. Neraca debet dan penyesuaian debet
2. Pada tanggal 1 Agustus 2005 perusahaan membayar asuransi sebesar Rp 3. 600.000 untuk masa tiga tahun dan dicatat sebagai harta (pendekatan neraca). Biaya perbulan Rp 50.000, jika 31 Desember 2005 tutup buku, maka jurnal pembaliknya
A. Asuransi dibyr dimuka Rp 500.000
Beban asuransi Rp 500.000
B. Beban asuransi Rp 500.000
Asuransi dibyr dimuka Rp 500.000
C. Beban asuransi Rp 3.100.000
Asuransi dibyr dimuka Rp 3.100.000
D. Asuransi dibyr dimuka Rp 3.100.000
Beban asuransi Rp 3.100.000
E. Tidak ada
3. Sisa debet akun beban akhir periode akan dipindahkan ke akun ......
A. Modal (debet)
B. Ikhtisar R-L (debet)
C. Ikhtisar R-L (kredit)
D. Modal (kredit)
E. Prive (debet)
4. Diterima pembayaran sewa gedung Rp 3.600.000 untuk masa 2 tahun terhitung mulai tanggal 1 Agustus 2000. Pada saat menerima uang perusahaan mengkreditkan sewa diterima dimuka, maka jumlah yang harus disesuaikan adalah ....
A. Rp 2.850.000
B. Rp 750.000
C. Rp 3.000.000
D. Rp 600.000
E. Rp 150.000
5. Dalam neraca saldo terdapat akun perlengkapan Rp. 300.000. Jika diketahui jumlah perlengkapan yang terpakai sebesar Rp 250.000, maka jurnal penyesuaiannya adalah ..
A. Beban perlengkapan Rp 250.000
Perlengkapan Rp 250.000
B. Beban perlengkapan Rp 300.000
Perlengkapan Rp 300.000
C. Perlengkapan Rp 250.000
Beban perlengkapan Rp 250.000
D. Beban perlengkapan Rp 50.000
Perlengkapan Rp 50.000
E. Perlengkapan Rp 300.000
Beban perlengkapan Rp 300.000
6. Pada tanggal 31 Desember 2005 diperoleh data dari Perusahaan Dagang Istana Yogyakarta bahwa persediaan barang dagang Rp 8.500.000 Jurnal penyesuaian transaksi tersebut adalah ….
A. Kas Rp 8.500.000
Pesed. Brg Dag. Rp 8.500.000
B. Pesed. Brg Dag. Rp 8.500.000
Kas Rp 8.500.000
C. Pesed. Brg Dag. Rp 8.500.000
Pembelian Rp 8.500.000
D. Persed. Brg Dag. Rp 8.500.000
Ikhtisar Rugi laba Rp 8.500.000
E. Ikhtisar Rugi laba Rp 8.500.000
Persed. Brg Dag. Rp 8.500.000
7. Laporan perubahan modal berisikan ikhtisar tentang
A. Modal awal, kas, prive, rugi-laba
B. Modal awal, rugi-laba, kas, modal akhir
C. Modal awal, rugi-laba, prive, modal akhir
D. Modal awal, prive, piutang, modal akhir
E. Modal akhir, piutang, rugi-laba, modal awal
8. Persediaan barang dagangan awal Rp 100 dan persediaan barang akhir Rp 100. Penyesuaian untuk persediaan awal dengan pendekatan akun Ikhtisar Rugi/Laba adalah...
A. Persediaan barang dagang Rp 100
Ikhtisar Rugi/Laba Rp 100
B. Ikhtisar Rugi/Laba Rp 100
Persediaan barang dagang Rp 100
C. Persed. barang Rp 200
Ikhtisar Rugi/Laba Rp 200
D. Ikhtisar Rugi/Laba Rp 200
Persed. brg dagang Rp 200
E. Persed. barang Rp 100
Persediaan barang dagang Rp 100
9. Bentuk laporan keuangan rugi-laba ( income statement ) dimana diadakan pengelompokan atas jenis penghasilan dan jenis beban dan disusun dalam urutan tertentu disebut ....
A. Single step
B. Skontro
C. Multiple step
D. Stafel
E. Anglo saxon
10. Kata Per 31 Desember 2000 dalam neraca berarti menunjukkan .....
A. kodisi harta ,utang, modal pada saat 31 Desember 2000
B. kodisi harta ,utang, modal , pendapatn dan biaya pada saat 31 Desember 2000
C. kodisi harta ,utang, modal dalam satu periode tertentu
D. kodisi harta ,utang, modal suatu perusahaan
E. periode yang berakhir 31 Desember 2000
11. Jurnal pembalik dilakukan terhadap ......
A. Jurnal penutup
B. Semua jurnal penyesuaian
C. Semua jurnal umum
D. Jurnal yang menimbulkan akun riil baru
E. Jurnal khusus
12. Persediaan barang dagang pada Neraca Sisa per 31 Desember 2000 Rp 4.000.000 berdasarkan data akhir tahun, persediaan barang dagang Rp 5.000.000, maka akan nampak dalam neraca saldo setelah disesuaikan .....
A. di debet Rp 5.000.000
B. di debet Rp 4.000.000
C. di debet Rp 1.000.000
D. di debet Rp 9.000.000
E. di kredit Rp 9.000.000
13. Akun yang tidak ada pada neraca saldo setelah penutupan adalah ....
A. harta
B. utang
C. akumulasi penyusutan
D. modal
E. prive
14. Sebuah mesin dibeli tanggal 1 Mei 2005 dengan harga perolehan Rp 23.000.000 umur ekonomis 5 tahun dengan nilai residu Rp 2.000.000, Jika penyusutan dengan metode garis lurus , maka beban penyusutan tahun 2005 adalah …
A. Rp 4.200.000
B. Rp 4.300.000
C. Rp 1.400.000
D. Rp 4.500.000
E. Rp 2.800.000
15. Suatu perusahaan membayar gaji 1 karyawannya setiap hari sabtu sebesar Rp 30.000 untuk 6 hari kerja ( Senin sampai Sabtu). Bila akhir periode akuntansi jatuh pada hari Jumat dan jumlah karyawannya 10 orang , maka jurnal penyesuaian yang perlu dibuat adalah ...........
A. Beban gaji Rp 250.000
Kas Rp 250.000
B. Beban gaji Rp 250.000
Utang gaji Rp 250.000
C. Beban gaji Rp 50.000
Kas Rp 50.000
D. Beban gaji Rp 50.000
Utang gaji Rp 50.000
E. Beban gaji Rp 300.000
Utang gaji Rp 300.000
16. Dalam kertas kerja ada perkiraan cadangan kerugian piutang. Perkiraan tersebut akan dmasukkan dalam kolom
A. rugi / laba debit
B. rugi / laba kredit
C. neraca debet
D. neraca kredit
E. neraca sisa setelah disesuaikan debet
17. Modal awal Ria tanggal 1 Januari 2000 Rp 500.000 Prive Ria Rp 50.000 Modal Ria tanggal 31 Desember 2000 Rp 300.000, maka keadaan usaha dagang Ria selama tahun 2000, mengalami kerugian ....
A. Rp 350.000
B. Rp 50.000
C. Rp 100.000
D. Rp 250.000
E. Rp 50.000
18. Bentuk neraca yang meletakkan akun aktiva disebelah kiri dan akun utang serta modal disebelah kanan disebut bentuk neraca ....
A. Stafel
B. Single step
C. Account From
D. Skontro
E. Multiple step
19. Unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam Neraca meliputi
A. modal , harta, pendapatan, beban
B. modal , harta, utang
C. modal , pendapatan, utang
D. modal, beban , prive
E. modal , prive, utang, pendapatan
20. Fungsi jurnal penutup adalah .......
A. membuat keadaan keuangan yang sebenarnya
B. membalik jurnal penyesuaian supaya tidak keliru
C. mempermudah membuat laporan keuangan
D. membuat saldo nol perkiraan perantara
E. mencatat semua transaksi
B. Esai
21. Pada awal bulan November 2000 perusahaan meyewakan gudangnya dan menerima uang sewa sebesar Rp 24.000.000, untuk masa 2 tahun. Apabila perusahaan mencatat pendapatan sewa diterima dimuka dengan metode pendekatan neraca, maka buatlah :
a. Jurnal pada saat menerima uang sewa
b. Jurnal penyesuaian
c. Jurnal penutup
22. Jelaskan (penjelasan disertai contoh) mengapa pencatatan beban dibayar dimuka yang dicatat dengan pendekatan neraca (harta) tidak memerlkukan jurnal pembalik!
23. UD MAJU, Neraca Saldo jawabane lapora keuangan
Balance Sheet
The balance sheet is one of the main financial statements. It is also known as the statement of financial position. The balance sheet reports the amount of assets, liabilities, and stockholders' (or owner's) equity at a specific moment (or point in time).
The balance sheet usually reports assets by classifications such as current assets, investments, property, plant and equipment, and other assets. Liabilities are classified as current liabilities and long-term liabilities.
The items and amounts reported on the balance sheet reflect the cost principle, matching principle, conservatism, going concern, and other basic principles as well as the more detailed rules included in the pronouncements issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).
Typical assets listed on the balance sheet include cash, accounts receivable, inventory, supplies, prepaid insurance, land, buildings, equipment, and intangible assets such as goodwill.
Typical liabilities include notes payable, accounts payable, wages payable, interest payable, income taxes payable, and bonds payable.
Stockholders' equity is the difference between the amounts reported for assets and liabilities.
The balance sheet usually reports assets by classifications such as current assets, investments, property, plant and equipment, and other assets. Liabilities are classified as current liabilities and long-term liabilities.
The items and amounts reported on the balance sheet reflect the cost principle, matching principle, conservatism, going concern, and other basic principles as well as the more detailed rules included in the pronouncements issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).
Typical assets listed on the balance sheet include cash, accounts receivable, inventory, supplies, prepaid insurance, land, buildings, equipment, and intangible assets such as goodwill.
Typical liabilities include notes payable, accounts payable, wages payable, interest payable, income taxes payable, and bonds payable.
Stockholders' equity is the difference between the amounts reported for assets and liabilities.
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