Sunday, March 30, 2008

Penerimaan siswa baru

HASIL PSB 2008



A. Bagi yang lolos Tes Seleksi
1. Daftar Ulang :

Hari : Selasa - Kamis
Tanggal : 25 – 27 Maret 2008


Pukul : 08.00 – 12.00
Tempat : Kantor Tata Usaha SMA Kolese De Britto
2. Yang perlu di bawa dalam daftar Ulang:
a. Kartu Seleksi Calon Siswa Baru
b. Menyerahkan uang pendaftaran ulang sebesar
Rp. 400.000,00
3. Mengambil undangan pertemuan Orang Tua dengan Yayasan.

4. Calon siswa yang lolos seleksi dan tidak mendaftar ulang sampai pada batas waktu yang ditentukan dianggap mengundurkan diri.

B. Bagi yang tidak lolos tes seleksi dan masih mempunyai keinginan masuk SMA Kolese De Britto diberi kesempatan untuk mengikuti seleksi PSB gelombang kedua. Waktu PSB gelombang kedua menyusul.

PENGUMUMAN HASIL TES SELEKSI


PSB 2008 - 2009

SMA KOLESE DE BRITTO


8006 8073 8135 8197 8271 8334 8403 8484
8016 8075 8138 8199 8272 8337 8404 8487
8019 8077 8141 8200 8273 8340 8406 8488
8026 8079 8143 8202 8274 8341 8409 8491
8029 8080 8144 8203 8277 8342 8410 8493
8033 8082 8145 8204 8278 8344 8411 8494
8039 8085 8146 8206 8280 8346 8413 8497
8040 8087 8147 8207 8282 8350 8416 8498
8041 8090 8150 8209 8286 8351 8417 8503
8042 8091 8151 8210 8289 8352 8420 8506
8045 8092 8156 8212 8290 8370 8425 8507
8046 8094 8157 8219 8293 8372 8426 8511
8050 8098 8158 8220 8295 8374 8427 8512
8052 8099 8161 8222 8296 8376 8429 8514
8053 8100 8165 8223 8297 8378 8431 8516
8054 8101 8166 8225 8298 8379 8437 8520
8055 8108 8169 8227 8299 8380 8440 8522
8056 8109 8171 8229 8303 8381 8443 8523
8057 8110 8172 8234 8305 8382 8444 8526
8058 8111 8176 8239 8306 8383 8445 8529
8060 8114 8180 8246 8308 8384 8450 8532
8064 8116 8181 8247 8313 8385 8451 8534
8065 8117 8184 8250 8315 8387 8453 8535
8066 8118 8185 8255 8316 8388 8456 8537
8068 8121 8189 8256 8317 8391 8460
8069 8124 8190 8257 8318 8392 8465
8070 8125 8192 8258 8322 8393 8469
8071 8126 8193 8260 8328 8397 8474
8072 8127 8195 8264 8330 8401 8478















Yogyakarta, 24 Maret 2008



Guido Chrisna Hidayat, SJ


Ketua PSB 2008 – 2009

Penerimaan siswa baru

HASIL PSB SMA 2008



A. Bagi yang lolos Tes Seleksi
1. Daftar Ulang :

Hari : Selasa - Kamis
Tanggal : 25 – 27 Maret 2008


Pukul : 08.00 – 12.00
Tempat : Kantor Tata Usaha SMA Kolese De Britto
2. Yang perlu di bawa dalam daftar Ulang:
a. Kartu Seleksi Calon Siswa Baru
b. Menyerahkan uang pendaftaran ulang sebesar
Rp. 400.000,00
3. Mengambil undangan pertemuan Orang Tua dengan Yayasan.

4. Calon siswa yang lolos seleksi dan tidak mendaftar ulang sampai pada batas waktu yang ditentukan dianggap mengundurkan diri.

B. Bagi yang tidak lolos tes seleksi dan masih mempunyai keinginan masuk SMA Kolese De Britto diberi kesempatan untuk mengikuti seleksi PSB gelombang kedua. Waktu PSB gelombang kedua menyusul.

PENGUMUMAN HASIL TES SELEKSI


PSB 2008 - 2009

SMA KOLESE DE BRITTO


8006 8073 8135 8197 8271 8334 8403 8484
8016 8075 8138 8199 8272 8337 8404 8487
8019 8077 8141 8200 8273 8340 8406 8488
8026 8079 8143 8202 8274 8341 8409 8491
8029 8080 8144 8203 8277 8342 8410 8493
8033 8082 8145 8204 8278 8344 8411 8494
8039 8085 8146 8206 8280 8346 8413 8497
8040 8087 8147 8207 8282 8350 8416 8498
8041 8090 8150 8209 8286 8351 8417 8503
8042 8091 8151 8210 8289 8352 8420 8506
8045 8092 8156 8212 8290 8370 8425 8507
8046 8094 8157 8219 8293 8372 8426 8511
8050 8098 8158 8220 8295 8374 8427 8512
8052 8099 8161 8222 8296 8376 8429 8514
8053 8100 8165 8223 8297 8378 8431 8516
8054 8101 8166 8225 8298 8379 8437 8520
8055 8108 8169 8227 8299 8380 8440 8522
8056 8109 8171 8229 8303 8381 8443 8523
8057 8110 8172 8234 8305 8382 8444 8526
8058 8111 8176 8239 8306 8383 8445 8529
8060 8114 8180 8246 8308 8384 8450 8532
8064 8116 8181 8247 8313 8385 8451 8534
8065 8117 8184 8250 8315 8387 8453 8535
8066 8118 8185 8255 8316 8388 8456 8537
8068 8121 8189 8256 8317 8391 8460
8069 8124 8190 8257 8318 8392 8465
8070 8125 8192 8258 8322 8393 8469
8071 8126 8193 8260 8328 8397 8474
8072 8127 8195 8264 8330 8401 8478















Yogyakarta, 24 Maret 2008



Guido Chrisna Hidayat, SJ

Ketua PSB 2008 – 2009

Saturday, March 29, 2008

Transportation at Jakarta by BUSWAY

TransJakarta mulls buses exclusively
Busway operator TransJakarta is considering allocating buses exclusively for female passengers during peak hours following complaints from some
passengers.

TransJakarta head Dradjat Adhyaksa said his office was considering women-only buses after receiving complaints in several forums and mailing lists.

“Female passengers are at risk of sexual harassment in packed buses. We want to give them better service with the limited resources we have. After all, the number of female passengers is more than half of our total passengers,” Dradjat said Friday.

He said his office would submit the proposal to the transportation agency next week.

He said TransJakarta would try women-only buses on Corridor I (Kota-Blok M) first, because that was the corridor with the highest number of passengers.

The plan, he said, will not be expensive because it will use existing buses and only requires busway employees to guide passengers to the correct buses.

“We can allocate some of the 90 buses on Corridor I for female passengers. For a pilot project, we can use the ratio of 3:1, with three buses for mixed passengers and one bus for female passengers. The pilot project will be carried out during peak hours, between 4 and 6 p.m.,” he said.

“If the response is positive, we’ll continue the women-only bus program,” he said, adding the program would start after securing approval.

Governor Fauzi Bowo said he supported the plan.

“However, the busway operator should focus on bus availability on all corridors. They should also consult their supervisors before carrying out this plan,” he said at City Hall.

He said he would hold a meeting next week about bus availability for corridors 8 (Lebak Bulus-Harmoni), 9 (Pinang Ranti-Pluit) and 10 (Cililitan-Tanjung Priok).

Operation of these three corridors is awaiting the completion of busway shelter construction and bus procurements.

Friday, March 28, 2008

Economy News

A discussion at the Presidential Office in Jakarta on Friday tipped Coordinating Minister for the Economy Boediono and Finance Minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati as the strongest candidates to head the central bank.

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono held talks with current Bank Indonesia Governor Burhanuddin Abdullah, Boediono, Sri Mulyani, former BI governors, experts, media members and businesspeople on possible candidates to replace Burhanudin, whose term ends May 17.

The experts included top bank commissioners such as Cyrillus Harinowo, Chairul Tanjung and Edwin Gerungan, JP Morgan Indonesia president director Gita Wirjawan, Credit Suisse Indonesia head of research Mirza Adityaswara and one of Indonesia’s richest men, Budi Hartono, the president commissioner of clove cigarette producer Djarum.

“We talked about the criteria that should be fulfilled by candidates. Among the criteria are integrity, capability and acceptability,” State Secretary Hatta Radjasa told reporters after the meeting.

“Some of those attending the discussion proposed names, but some others only gave their views.”

Hatta quoted those attending the discussion as saying, “Pak SBY, we don’t need to go far to find the most appropriate candidates. We have them in this room, people in the Cabinet.”

“There were only three ministers in the room,” he said, referring to himself, Boediono and Sri Mulyani. “So, make your own conclusion.”

Credit Suisse Indonesia’s Mirza told reporters he was one of those that recommended Boediono as the next BI governor.

The House of Representatives on March 18 rejected the President’s first two candidates for central bank governor, Bank Mandiri president director Agus Martowardojo and PT Perusahaan Pengelola Aset vice president Raden Pardede.

So far, the House has yet to offer a formal reason for the rejection. However, some lawmakers have said a candidate from within the central bank is preferred to ensure independence.

Others believe an outsider is needed given that a number of current top Bank Indonesia are being scrutinized for allegedly bribing House members during the formulation of a new law on the central bank from 2003 to 2004.

State Secretary Hatta said the President would submit the names of the new candidates to the House of Representatives next week.
Ministers tipped to head BI

“We are facing tougher challenges in the future because of the global economic woes. So we need a figure who is able to cope with that and at the same time maintain local economic stability,” Burhanuddin said.

Speaking separately Friday, Vice President Jusuf Kalla expressed optimism the House would accept the new candidates proposed by the President because their selection had involved many parties.

“We are upbeat looking at ongoing preparations that there will be agreement with the House of Representatives over the candidates for Bank Indonesia governor,” said Kalla, who is also chairman of the biggest party in the House, Golkar.

Digaram pareto

Tuhan Maha Adil bukan berarti lalu menciptakan dunia yang adil. Dunia
ini memang diciptakan penuh ketidakadilan. Ada anak yang terlahir
miskin. Itu realita. Walaupun dia jenius, tetap saja tidak bisa masuk
sekolah unggulan yang menarik iuran mahal. Ada yang bekerja keras
dengan hasil sedikit, dan ada yang bekerja santai dengan hasil yang
banyak.

Kata Pareto, dari lima roti yang tersedia, empat roti akan dimakan
hanya oleh satu orang, sementara satu roti sisanya akan diperebutkan
oleh empat orang. Selalu akan ada yang hidupnya jauh lebih nyaman
daripada lainnya. Kata siapa dunia itu adil?

Dunia memang tidak adil, kawan.

Kalau kita meyakini Allah itu Maha Adil, kemudian Allah menciptakan
lingkungan yang adil buat kita, maka… kesimpulan itu salah! Allah
maha berhak untuk menciptakan dunia yang penuh ketidakadilan. Allah
akan menilai kita dengan adil, yaitu bagaimana ikhtiar kita bereaksi
terhadap ketidakadilan itu. Allah adil dalam menilai amal kita, dan
Allah memang sengaja menciptakan dunia yang tidak adil.

Jadi, dunia ini tidak adil.

Sebuah buku tulisan Richard Koch berjudul The 80/20 Principle
mengupas banyak tentang dunia yang tidak adil itu. Telah ditemukan
bahwa pekerja dengan jabatan yang lebih tinggi justru bekerja jauh
lebih mudah dan santai dengan imbalan yang jauh lebih besar. Di
strata lebih bawah pekerjaan bisa lebih sulit, anehnya dengan imbalan
lebih sedikit.

Kode Rekening

Pernahkah Anda mengirim surat kepada seseorang yang berada di daerah lain? Sebelum surat itu Anda masukkan ke Kantor Pos tentunya Anda lebih dahulu menulis kode pos alamat tujuan bukan? Mengapa penulisan kode pos itu selalu diingatkan oleh petugas pos? Tujuannya tak lain adalah untuk memudahkan pihak pos untuk menyampaikan surat kepada si penerima surat
Demikian pula halnya dengan kode akun dalam akuntansi. Kode akun itu dicantumkan untuk memudahkan proses pencatatan, pencarian dan penyimpanan serta pembebaban yang dituju pada setiap akun. Jadi apa yang dimaksud dengan kode akun itu? Kode akun adalah pemberian tanda/nomor tertentu dengan memakai angka, huruf atau kombinasi angka dan huruf pada setiap akun.
Kode akun harus bersifat membantu memudahkan pencatatan, pengelompokkan dan penyimpanan setiap akun. Oleh karena itu kode akun hendaknya memiliki kriteria seperti, mudah diingat, konsisten, sederhana dan singkat serta memungkinkan adanya penambahan akun baru tanpa mengubah kode akun yang sudah ada. maka kita perlu mempelajari Pengkodean rekening

Thursday, March 27, 2008

maaf teman teman klas X_5

mohon maaf untuk teman-teman kelas X-5, hand out kode rekening belum bisa di upload.. baru diperbaiki.. karena kena virus trimakasih

Apologize for the friends of class of X-5, account code out hand not yet can upload ... just improve;repaired because hitting virus..... thank you.

Y

Yellow Book
Written by the GENERAL ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE, the yellow book sets forth standards to be followed in auditing the FINANCIAL STATEMENTS of entities that receive federal financial assistance. "Yellow Book" is the name given to "Government Auditing Standards" issued by the Comptroller General of the United States which contains standards for audits of government organizations, programs, activities and functions, and of government assistance received by contractors, nonprofit organizations and other nongovernment organizations

W

Withholding:
The retaining by an employer of a portion of an employee?s wages for the purpose of paying for various taxes, insurance plans, pension plans, union dues and other deductions.

Working Capital:
Working capital is the difference between current assets and current liabilities. It measures the margin of protection for current creditors. Working Capital reflects the ability of a company to finance current operations.

V

Variable Cost:
Variable cost is an operating expense, or operating expenses as a class, that varies directly, sometimes proportionately, with sales or production, facility, utilization, or other measure of activity.

T

Term Loan:
A bank loan with a floating interest rate, for a specified amount that matures in between one and ten years and requires a specified repayment schedule. An example is a car loan. Usually a long-term loan with a tenure running up to ten years. An amortization program is worked out in the loan agreement for the liquidation of the loan over its tenure.

Total Asset Turnover:
Total asset turnover measures management's efficiency in managing all of a company's assets-specifically the generation of revenues from the company's total investment assets. The total asset turnover ratio is extremely important in high asset companies such as manufacturing. The higher the ratio, the smaller the investment required to generate sales, the more profitable is the company.

Trade Payables:
Also known as Accounts Payable. Trade payables are open non-interest bearing accounts due to the trade usually due within 30, 60 or 90 days.

Trading Book

An accounting book that includes all securities that the institution regularly buys and sells on the stock market. These securities are accounted for in a different way than those in the banking book, which are meant to be held by the institution until they mature and are not usually affected by market activity.

Trial Balance:
A trial balance is a listing of the accounts in a company's general ledger and their balances as of a specific date. A trial balance is prepared at the end of an accounting period and is used to see if additional adjusting entries are required to any of the balances. The basic accounting system relies on double-entry accounting, therefore, the trial balance will have the same total debits and the same total credits. A trial balance is out of balance when the debits do not agree with the credits.

U

Unearned Revenue:
See Customer Deposits.

Unrelated expenses:
Expenses incurred for anything not used for business.

S

Sales/Receivables Ratio:
It is also called receivable turnover. This ratio method measures the number of times trade receivables turn during the fiscal year. The higher the ratio, the shorter the time between sale and cash collection.

Secured Loan:
A loan which is secured by marketable securities or other marketable valuables. Secured loans may be either time or demand loans.

Self-Liquidating Loan:
A short term commercial loan, usually supported by a lien on a given product or commodities, which is liquidated from the proceeds of the sale of the product or commodities. Example: Loans granted for the growing of crops.

Simple Journal Entry:
A simple journal entry is an entry that involves only one debit and one credit in the transaction. An example would be recording monthly depreciation expense. The debit is depreciation expense and the credit is accumulated depreciation. A compound journal entry contains multiple debits and credits.

Sole Proprietorship:
Sole proprietorship is synonymous with proprietorship. A sole proprietorship is an unincorporated business with only one owner.

Solvency:
Solvency is a company's long-term ability to meet all financial obligations. When a company cannot meet all its financial obligations, it becomes insolvent.

Specific identification:
An inventory method that identifies each item by cost and sale.

Statement Of Cash Flows:
See Cash Flow Statement.

Straight-line:
A method of depreciation whereby the cost of the asset is divided by its useful life.

R

Ratio Analysis:
Ratio analysis involves conversion of financial numbers from a company's financial statement into various ratios. Ratio analysis allows comparison of one company to another. Ratios look at relationships inside a company. A company of one size can be directly compared to a second company or a collection of companies which may be larger or smaller or even in a different business.

Repairs:
Keeps the property in good operating condition. Example: Adding gravel to a driveway is considered a repair.

Reserve For Bad Debts:
See definition of Allowance for Bad Debts.

Return of Capital:
A distribution that is paid out of the shareholder?s investment in the stock of the company.

Retained Earnings (Earned Surplus):
Retained earnings are prior year profits of the corporation that have not been paid out to the stockholders as of the balance sheet date. The earnings have been retained for use of the corporation. Retained earnings is an account in the Capital Section of the corporation balance sheet. Retained earnings increases when there is a profit by the corporation. Retained earnings decreases when there is a loss by the corporation or when cash dividends are paid to the stockholders. Retained earnings also decreases when the corporation buys back common stock. This type of stock is called "treasury stock".

Return On Investment (ROI):
Return on investment, as used by financial management, is the ratio of profits (before or after taxes) to net worth or stockholders equity.

Revenue:
The total of all receipts of an enterprise as a going concern: receipts from sales of products, merchandise, and services, and earnings from interest, dividends, rents and wages.

Q

Quick Assets:
Those assets which, in the ordinary course of business, will be converted into cash within a reasonably short period of time (as within one year).

Quick Ratio:
A quick ratio or acid test ratio is a more rigorous test than the current ratio of short-run solvency. The quick ratio considers cash, marketable securities (cash equivalents) and accounts receivable because they are considered to be the most liquid forms of current assets.

P

Partnership:
A partnership is an unincorporated business structure that has more than one owner. A partnership is different from a sole proprietorship in that a sole proprietorship can only have one owner.

Post:
To post is to summarize all journal entries and transfer them to the general ledger accounts. Posting is done at the end of an accounting period (monthly).

Predatory Pricing

An anti-competitive measure employed by a dominant company to protect market share from new or existing competitors. Predatory pricing involves temporarily pricing a product low enough to end a competitive threat.

Prepaid Expenses:
Prepaid expenses are amounts that are paid in advance by a company to a vendor or creditor for goods and services. An example would be insurance premiums that are paid in advance of the coverage contained in the policy. Prepaid expenses is classified as a current asset on the balance sheet of the company.

Prepaid Income:
See Customer Deposits.

Price Earnings Ratio:
It is also known as the company's P/E for investment purposes. The price-earnings ratio is the price of a company's share of common stock in the public market divided by its earnings per share (EPS). You multiply this multiple by the net income of the publicly traded company and you will have a value for the business. If the business has no net income, there is no P/E. To illustrate a P/E ratio if the price of the stock is $35, and the EPS is $3.50, the P/E ratio is 10 times earnings.

Profit And Loss Statement:
It is also called a "P&L" and income statement. It shows a company's business revenue and expenses for a specific period of time. For example, for the six months ending June 30, 2002. The difference between total revenue or total sales and the total expenses is the company's net income. A key element of the profit and loss statement, one that distinguishes it from a balance sheet, is that the amounts shown on the statement represent transactions over a period of time, such as, six months ending June 30, 2002, while the items on the balance sheet show information for a specific date, such as, June 30, 2002.

Profit Plan:
The profit plan for the fiscal year is a complete financial picture of the operating plans, sales volumes, capital expenditure plans, and the resulting profitability, financial condition, and cash flow for the year. The profit and loss portion is developed by applying operating budgets to the forecast sales. These, plus the capital budgets, are analyzed to determine their effect on the financial position and to develop the cash flow.

Proprietorship:
A proprietorship is an unincorporated business structure with only one owner.


Purchases:
The inventory or raw materials for manufacturing, merchandising, or mining plus cost of shipping minus purchases for personal use.

O

Online Accounting:
In recent years a number of accounting software developers have created online applications for small business accounting. These software programs, accessed through the Internet, allow the user to enter all transactions using a constantly updated accounting program, and access data that resides on a server separate from the desktop computer.

Operating Budgets:
Operating budgets are those budget allowances that pertain to the expenses and the incomes which are included in the profit and loss statements of the company for the given fiscal period.


Operating Lease:
An operating lease is a short-term, cancelable lease. An operating lease is expensed and not capitalized on the books of the company. See Capital Lease.

Other Assets:
Other Assets is a category of assets on the Balance Sheet including intangible assets that will not be converted into cash over the next 12 months. Examples of Other Assets are goodwill, covenant not to compete, trademarks, catalogs, brands, copyrights, loan fees, escrow costs, formulas, franchises, and mailing lists.

N

Net earnings:
Earnings after deductions.

Net Income:
Net income is also called net profit or earnings. Net income is the difference between a company's gross profit and its total expenses. For example, if gross profit of a company is $400,000 while expenses are $300,000, the net income would be $100,000. The net income is found at the bottom of the income statement and often times referred to as "The Bottom Line" by business owners.

Net Loss:
The excess of the total expenses over the gross profit.

Net Sales:
The final amount of sales, determined by subtracting the amount of sales returns and allowances and sales discount from the total amount of sales, for a fiscal period.

Net Worth:
It is also called equity or capital. Net worth or equity is the difference between total liabilities and total assets. For example, if total assets of a sole proprietorship is $500,000 and total liabilities is $350,000, the total net worth would be $150,000. In a corporation, net worth or stockholders equity consists of capital stock, capital surplus, and retained earnings (earned surplus).

Noncapital asset:
Propertythat is not a capital asset.

Notes Payable:
Written interest-bearing promises to persons or businesses to pay certain amounts at certain times.

Notes Payable-Short Term:
Short-term (less than 12 months) interest bearing obligations, including bank and commercial paper.

Notes Receivable:
Written interest-bearing promises from persons or businesses agreeing to pay certain amounts at certain times.

L

Last-In-First-Out (LIFO):
The letters LIFO represents "last-in-first-out". It is an inventory cost flow method whereby the last goods purchased are assumed to be the first goods sold by the company so that the ending inventory is priced as though the remaining items were the first goods purchased.

Liabilities:
Liabilities are what the company owes its creditors. Liabilities are balance sheet accounts. Examples of liabilities are accounts payable, payroll taxes payable, rent payable, long-term debt, and income taxes payable.

LIFO (Last in, first out):
A method of inventory valuation in which the last items entered into inventory are considered the first items out

Line Of Credit:
An agreement between a bank and a customer whereby the bank agrees to lend the customer funds up to a previously agreed maximum amount. A line of credit is widely used by large organizations for the future commitments and purchases of inventory.

Liquidity:
A Term used to describe the solvency of a business, and which has special reference to the degree of readiness in which assets can be converted into cash without loss.

Long-Term Debts:
See Long Term Liabilities

Long-Term Liabilities:
Long-term liabilities are liabilities of a company that are due in more than one year. An example of a long-term liability would be a bank debt maturing in five years.

J

Journal:
A journal is the chronological, day-to-day transactions of a company. Revenue by sources are recorded in the sales journal and cash receipts journal. Expenses by sources are recorded in the accounts payable journal and cash disbursements journal. A general journal is used to record period ending adjusting journal entries. The Payroll Journal is dedicated to payroll entries. The general journal is used for occasional and year-end adjusting and correcting entries. The Standard Entries Journal is for adjusting entries that occur monthly, such as depreciation and matching FICA

I

Income Accounts:
Income accounts are the accounts that a company keeps track of its sources of income. Examples of income accounts are merchandise sales, legal and professional fees, consulting fees, and interest income. Income accounts are credit balance accounts that increase profits.

Income Statement:
It is also called a profit and loss statement or P&L. An income statement lists the company's income by revenue sources, cost of sales, expenses by various categories, and net income which is gross profit minus total expenses.

Income Taxes Payable:
The liability account indicating the amount of income taxes due for a "C" corporation for state and federal corporate taxes at a specific date. It can include both a current portion and a deferred portion. A deferred portion would be a timing difference between depreciation expense per books and depreciation for corporate income tax purposes.

Installment Sale:
An installment sale is selling property and receiving the sales price over a series of payments. A down payment is normally made and the balance of the sale is an installment sale. An example would be fifteen (15) years.

Insurance Premium:
The amount paid to an insurance company for a specific amount and kind of protection.

Intangible Assets:
Items of non-physical nature such as goodwill, patents, and trademarks that are of value to a company as a going concern, the value being dependent upon the rights and earning power that possession confers upon the owner.

Inventory:
Inventory is the cost of goods a company holds for sale to customers. The inventory can be merchandise a company buys for resale, or it can be merchandise that a company manufactures or processes, selling the completed product to the customer. Inventory can be valued using the following methods: Specific Identification, FIFO, or LIFO.

Inventory Turnover:
The number of times a business turns its merchandise inventory into sales each year.

Inventory Turnover Ratio:
Inventory turnover ratio measures the average efficiency of the company in managing and selling inventories during the reporting period. The number is calculated by dividing the Cost of Sales annualized by the average inventory value. For instance, if the company's Cost of Goods Sold for the 12 month period is $500,000, and their average inventory balance through the year was 50,000, then they are said to have a turnover rate of ten times. In most cases, a company is seeking a higher turnover rate, indicating a more efficient management of inventory.

H

Historical Cost:
Historical cost is a generally accepted accounting principle requiring all financial statement items be based upon original cost. Historical cost means what it cost the company for the item. It is not fair market value. This means that if your company purchased a building, it is recorded on the balance sheet at its historical cost. It is not recorded at fair market value which would be what your company could sell the building for in the open market.

G

General Ledger:

It is also known as G/L and The Final Book of Entry. It is collection of all balance sheet, income, and expense accounts used to keep the accounting records of a company. A General Ledger is a perpetual record of the activity and balances of the accounts. Each company has only one General Ledger.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles:

It is also known as GAAP. Generally accepted accounting principles are rules that are used to record accounting transactions on an accrual basis of accounting. Cash basis of accounting is a comprehensive basis other than generally accepted accounting principles.

Goodwill:
Goodwill is an Other Asset. It is that portion of the purchase price paid for a business that is related to the intangible value of the company. The goodwill of a company may be due to a particularly favorable location; or its reputation in the community; or the quality of its employer and employees. It is calculated by subtracting the value of all net assets received upon purchase of the business from the purchase price. For example, if Company A paid one million dollars for a business that had current and fixed assets with a fair market value of $750,000, then the Goodwill is $250,000.

Gross earnings:
The total Earnings prior to deductions.

Gross Profit On Sales:
The amount by which the net sales exceed the cost of goods sold.

Gross Profit Or Margin:Gross profit or gross margin is net sales minus cost of sales or cost of goods sold. For example, if net sales were $400,000 and cost of sales were $300,000, gross profit would be $100,000. Gross margin of profit measures the ability of both to control costs and to pass along price increases through sales to customers. Gross margins vary with the type of business. For example a restaurant and bar would have a greater gross margin than a discount chain, like Wal-Mart, that depends upon volume to make money.

F

Fair Market Value:

It is also known as FMV. Fair market value is the price at which a willing seller will buy, in an arm's length transaction, when neither is under compulsion to sell or buy and both have reasonable knowledge of relevant facts. For example, a house may have cost you $150,000 but someone is willing to pay you $250,000 for the house today. The $150,000 is it's historical cost (see "historical cost" below) and the $250,000 is the fair market value. Another example would be an individual purchased 100 shares of IBM stock at $100 per share. The closing stock price is now $200. The FMV of the stock is $200 which is the amount that an individual is willing to pay for the stock. Note, however, that accounting transactions are recorded on a historical cost basis and not on a fair market value basis.

FIFO (First in, first out):

A method of inventory valuation in which the first items entered into inventory are considered the first items out.

Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB):

FASB means the Financial Accounting Standards Board. It is a Board that writes the accounting standards that are used by practicing certified public accountants.

First in First Out (FIFO):

FIFO is an inventory cost flow method whereby the first goods purchased are assumed to be the first goods sold so that the ending inventory is valued as though it is the most recently purchased.

Fixed Assets:

These are also known as Property Plant and Equipment. Fixed assets are those assets of a permanent nature required for the normal conduct of a business. A fixed asset is a tangible item that has a future economic benefit. Fixed assets are higher valued items (such as more than $500) which will not be normally converted into cash during the ensuing fiscal period and have more than a twelve-month life. Fixed assets include furniture, fixtures, equipment, land, and buildings. Accounts receivable and inventory are not fixed assets.

Fixed Assets (Net):

Also called Book Value. Fixed assets net is all property, plant, leasehold improvements, and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation. For example, if the total fixed assets are $500,000 and accumulated depreciation is $100,000, fixed assets net would be $400,000.

Fixed Capital:

Capital invested in fixed assets, such as land, buildings, machinery, etc.

Fixed Cost:

Fixed cost is an operating expense that is incurred to provide facilities and organization which are kept in readiness to do business without regard to actual volumes of production and sales. Fixed costs remain relatively constant until changed by managerial decision; within general limits they do not vary with business volume. Examples are: interest on bonds, rent, property tax, depreciation (sometimes in part). These are operating expenses that are incurred to provide facilities and organizations that are kept in readiness to do business without regard to volumes of production and sales. These fixed costs remain relatively constant until changed by managerial decision. Some examples of fixed costs are rent, property taxes, and interest expense.

Foot:

Foot means to total the amounts in a column. This would be a column in a journal or a ledger.

Funds Statement:

An analysis of changes in working capital. Public corporations are required to provide this report.

E

Ending Inventory:

This is inventory figured at the end of the tax year and is used as the beginning inventory for the next year?s return.

Entrepreneur:

One who assumes the financial risk of the initiation, operation and management of a given business or undertaking.

Equity:

Equity is the net worth of a company, also known as Capital. ASSETS MINUS LIABILITIES=NET WORTH OR EQUITY. It is also known as capital for a sole proprietorship and for partnerships. Equity includes capital contributions by a sole proprietorship and capital contributions by a partnership. It also includes common stock issued by a corporation. Net income from a company increases equity while net losses reduces equity. Dividends paid by a corporation reduces equity. Treasury stock and stock dividends reduce equity of a corporation. Capital withdrawals reduce capital in a sole proprietorship and a partnership.

Expense Accounts:

Expense accounts are the accounts a company uses to keep track of costs of doing business. When recording an expense transaction, it is a debit because it reduces capital. Expenses are included in the income statement or profit and loss statement. Expense accounts reduce income. Examples of expense accounts are salary and wages, payroll taxes, advertising, depreciation, and repairs and maintenance.

D

Days' Inventory:

It shows the average lengths of time items are in inventory.

Debenture:

It is a corporate IOU that is not backed by the company's assets and is much riskier than a bond.

Debits:

A debit is one component of every accounting transaction showing what the company received as a result of that transaction. Debits increase assets of a company and decrease liabilities and equity of a company. Furthermore, debits decrease sales, and increase cost and expenses on the Profit and Loss Report.

Debt To Equity:

Debt to equity measures the risk of the company's capital structure in terms of amounts of capital contributed by creditors and that contributed by owners. The debt to equity expresses the protection provided by owners for the creditors. A low debt to equity ratio implies ability to borrow.

Depreciation:

A method of recovering the cost of an asset over the assets useful life or recovery period.

Discounted Cash Flow:

Discounted cash flow is a method of computing the rate of return of a project. Under this method, the actual net cash flowback (after-tax earnings plus depreciation) is discounted annually until the present worth of the discounted cash flowback over the life of the project is equal to the cost of the project.

Double-Entry Accounting:

It is a system of recording transactions in a way that maintains the equality of the accounting equation which is assets=liabilities+owner's equity. The double-entry system records each transaction as both a debit and a credit.

Drawing Account:
A drawing account is the amount of cash drawn out by a sole proprietorship and by partners of a partnership,. The drawing amount reduces capital in a sole proprietorship and a partnership. It is nontaxable for income tax purposes

Wednesday, March 26, 2008

C

Capital:
Also known as Owner's Equity and Net Assets, it is the result of subtracting Liabilities from Assets. Businessmen will use the term "Capital" to describe the amount of money or other resources owned or used to acquire future income or benefits. The amount subscribed and paid by stockholders.

Capital Assets:

A collective term which included all fixed assets, consisting of Furniture and Fixtures, Land, Buildings, Machinery, etc.

Capital Budget:

This is the estimated amount planned to be expended for capital items in a given fiscal period. Capital items are fixed assets such as facilities and equipment, the cost of which is normally written off over a number of fiscal periods. The capital budget, however, is limited to the expenditures which will be made within the fiscal year comparable to the related operating budgets.

Capital Lease:

A capital lease is a considerable lease obligation that has to be capitalized on the balance sheet. A capital lease is characterized by the following (1) It is non-cancelable; (2) The life of the lease is less than the life of the asset being leased; (3) Bargain price of $1 at the end of the lease; (4) And the lessor does not pay for the upkeep, maintenance, or servicing costs of the asset during the lease period. The capital lease is recorded as a fixed asset on the balance sheet and is depreciated over the life of the asset.


Capital Stock:

The ownership shares of a corporation authorized by its articles of incorporation, including common and preferred stock.


Cash Basis:

The practice of recording income and expenses only when cash is actually received or paid out.

Cash Control:

A system of verifying the accuracy of all cash receipts and all cash disbursements.

Cash Flow:

This term may have different meanings depending upon who is using the term and in what context. Bankers usually define it as "Net Profits plus all non cash expenses", but it can also be defined as "the difference between cash receipts and disbursements over a specified period of time."

Cash Flows From Financing Activities:

Cash flows from financing activities are money used to or provided from financing activities. An example would be moneys received from borrowing from a bank. Another example would be moneys received from a stockholder loan. Another example would be capital contributions by partners in a partnership. Moneys used to reduce principal on a long-term debt would be an example of moneys used by financing activities.

Cash Flows From Investing Activities:

Cash flows from operating activities are moneys used or provided from investing activities. An example would be moneys used to purchase property and equipment. Another example would be money received from the sale of company stock.

Cash Flows From Operating Activities:

Cash flows from operating activities starts with a company's net income or loss for a specific period such as the year ending December 31, 2002. The net income or loss is adjusted for any non-cash items, such as, depreciation and amortization expense. Also included as cash flows from operating activities are other adjustments to reconcile net income or loss provided by operating activities. Those other adjustments are changes in current assets, other than cash, and changes in current liabilities for those accounts from the beginning of the year balances to the period end of the cash flow statement.

Cash Flow Statement:

A report describing the changes in the cash balances on the Balance Sheet. There are three categories for a cash flow statement: Cash Flows for Operating Activities, Cash Flows for Investing Activities, and Cash Flows from Financing Activities.

Chart Of Accounts:

It is a systematic listing of all accounts used by a company. Accounts are classified into six categories: Assets, Liabilities, Capital, Sales, Cost of Sales, and Expenses.

Closing:

The term closing refers to procedures that take place at the end of an accounting period, which is at the end of the year. Adjusting entries are made. The income and expense accounts are closed. The net income or loss that results from the closing of these accounts is transferred to an equity account called Owner's Equity for a sole proprietorship; Partner's Equity for a partnership; and Retained Earnings for a corporation.

Contribution Margin:

The difference between sales and variable costs; the amount remaining after variable costs are paid. For example: Sales $400,000 Variable Costs 150,000 Contribution Margin $250,000

Contribution Margin Percentage:

The contribution margin expressed as a percentage of sales, where sales equal 100% and the variable cost percentage is determined by dividing the variable cost total by sales. For example: Sales ($400,000) 100% Variable Cost Percentage ($150,000 ?00,000) 37.5% Contribution Margin Percentage 62.5%


Corporation:
It is a type of business organization that is chartered by a state and given many legal rights as a separate entity.

Cost:

Purchase price or expense paid to acquire something.

Cost Accounting:

It is a managerial accounting activity designed to help managers identify, measure, and control operating costs. It is used most often in a manufacturing environment.

Cost of goods sold:

A total that represents the cost of buying raw material and producing finished goods such as overhead, labor, and utilities.

Cost Of Goods Sold:

It is the cost of inventory items sold to a company's customers. It is determined using one of three methods: 1) Specific Identification, or 2) by adding beginning inventory and purchases for the period (which is called total available for sale) less ending inventory, or 3) Percentage of Sales. It is a reduction to Sales in arriving at Gross Profit. The amount determined by subtracting the value of the ending merchandise inventory from the sum of the beginning merchandise inventory and the net purchases for the fiscal period.

Cost of Labor:

The cost of labor used in the actual production of the goods.

Credit Memo:

It is the writing off of all or part of a customer's account balance. A credit memo would be required when a customer returns some merchandise that was bought. A credit memo would also occur when a customer overpaid on his or her account.

Credits:

A credit is one component or every accounting transaction indicating the source of the item received. Credits increase liabilities and equity and decrease assets on the balance sheet. Credits increase revenue and decrease cost and expenses on the income statement or profit and loss statement.

Current Assets:

Current assets are those assets of a company that are reasonably expected to be realized in cash, or sold, or consumed during the normal operating cycle of the company (usually one year). Current assets include accounts receivable, cash, inventories, and prepaid expenses.

Current Liabilities:

Current liabilities are liabilities to be paid within one year of the balance sheet date. Examples of current liabilities are accounts payable, accrued wages payable, accrued rent payable, payroll taxes payable, and current portion of long-term debt.

Current Ratio:

It is a commonly used measure of short-run solvency. It is the immediate ability of a company to pay its current debts as they become due. It is calculated by dividing Current Assets by Current Liabilities. A perceived safe Current Ratio is 2 to 1, meaning Current Assets are twice Current Liabilities.

Customer Deposits:

It is also called Unearned Revenue and Prepaid Income. Customer Deposits represents money the company received in advance of providing a service or product to a customer. Customer Deposits is classified as a current liability on the balance sheet. It is classified as a liability because the company still owes the service or product to the customer. An example would be taking a deposit on a job before the job is started, or a Lay away Deposit.

B

Backup Withholding

Payors of interest, dividends and other reportable payments must withhold income tax equal at a rate equal to the fourth lowest rate applicable to single filers if they fail to supply a federal id # or if they fail to certify that they are not subject to it.

Bad Debts:

Bad debts are the amounts due on open account that have been determined as uncollectible.

Balance Sheet:

It is a financial "picture" of a company at a given date in time. A balance sheet lists a company's assets, liabilities, and the difference between the two, which is the company's equity, or net worth. An itemized statement which lists the total assets and the total liabilities of a given business to portray its net worth at a given moment of time.

Bank Reconciliation:
It is the verification of the company's checkbook balance through comparing entries to those on the bank statement. Included in the bank reconciliation is a list of outstanding deposits and outstanding checks. Verification of a bank statement balance and the depositor's checkbook balance.

Banking Book

An accounting book that includes all securities that are not actively traded by the institution, that are meant to be held until they mature. These securities are accounted for in a different way than those in the trading book, which are traded on the market and valued by the performance of the market.


Beginning Inventory:
This should be the same as last year?s closing inventory.

Below Cost

A price placed on a product or service that is less than the seller paid to create it. A company might engage in this sort of pricing in order to increase market share at the expense of profitability.

Bookkeeping:

The practice involved in the systematic recording of transactions affecting a company beginning with the data-entry process and ending with the preparation of financial statements. The art, practice, or labor involved in the systematic recording of the transactions affecting a business.

Bookkeeping Schools:
Unlike accounting training (see Accounting Schools in glossary), bookkeeping courses concentrate on the day-to-day financial recording processes within a typical retail or wholesale business. Topics such as Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable, and Payroll are emphasized. Junior colleges often offer bookkeeping training as part of a degree program, but rarely provide bookkeeping classes in the complete process of bookkeeping for small businesses. Universal Accounting Center exclusively offers courses that concentrate on the day to day bookkeeping practices of a variety of small businesses. Everything from the wholesale and retail types of businesses, to the construction industry and not-for-profit accounting systems.

Bookkeeping Training:
Training in the daily process of recording financial transactions of a business. Includes the maintenance of Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable, and Payroll accounts and working with specialty journals. Bookkeeping courses are available through Universal Accounting Center on a distance learning basis or through attending bookkeeping classes at one of Universal?s bookkeeping schools. Through a Universal course you can learn bookkeeping for virtually any small business in less than a month.
Common misspellings and abbreviations of bookkeeping and bookkeeper are: book keeper, book keeping, bookeeper, bookeeping, book-keeper, bookkeepimg, bookkeepin, bookkeepping bookkeppers, bookkiping, cerfified bookkeepers

Book Value:
An accounting term, which usually refers to a company's historical cost of assets and liabilities less any accumulated write-downs. The book value may have little relationship to market value. Book value of a stock is determined from a company's records, by adding all assets (generally excluding such intangibles as goodwill), then deducting all debts and other liabilities, plus the liquidation price of any preferred issues. The sum arrived at is divided by the number of common shares outstanding and the results is book value per common share. Book value of the assets of a company or a security may have little or no significant relationship to market value.

Bond

One type of long-term PROMISSORY NOTE, frequently issued to the public as a SECURITY regulated under federal securities laws or state BLUE SKY LAWS. Bonds can either be registered in the owner's name or are issued as bearer instruments

Break-Even Point:
It is the volume point at which revenues and costs are equal; a combination of sales and costs that will yield a no-profit, no-loss operation.

Budget:
An itemized listing of the amount of all estimated revenue sources which a company anticipates receiving, along with a listing of the amount of all estimated expenses that will be incurred. The budget is for a specific period of time, normally one business cycle which is a year. An itemized listing, and frequently the allotment, of the amount of all estimated revenue which a given business anticipates receiving, and the listing, and frequently the segregation, of the amount of all estimated costs and expenses that will be incurred in obtaining the above mentioned income during a given period of time, such as a month, a year, etc.

Bulk Handling
The financing of receivables in bulk rather than one at a time, to reduce processing costs

A

Account
record of financial transactions for an asset or individual, such as at a bank, brokerage, credit card company, or retail store.
More generally, an arrangement between a buyer and a seller in which payments are to be made in the future.

Accountant :
Person skilled in the recording and reporting of financial transactions. (See CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANT.)

Accounting Equation:
The accounting equation is assets=liabilities+capital. This equation is the basis of a balance sheet and double-entry accounting.

Accounting Schools:
Virtually all universities and colleges offer accounting classes. These accounting courses cover topics related to providing financial management services for large corporations, and don?t spend much time, if any, in small business concerns. Today, many universities offer online accounting courses to cater to the busy schedules of individuals. Learning accounting online provides similar training in a more casual, self-paced environment. Universal Accounting Center has accounting courses that provide a distance learning opportunity in a short time-frame.

Accounting Training:

Training in setting up a financial tracking system, monitoring the data-entry process for financial transactions, and the interpretation of financial statements for management. Accounting training must include instruction in General Ledger and financial statement format. Accounting courses are available from Universal Accounting Center on a distance learning basis, or through attending accounting classes at one of Universal?s accounting schools. Common misspellings and abbreviations of Accounting and Accountant are: acounting, accouting, accountin, accoutant, acct, actng, acctnt

Accounts Payable:

A current liability representing the amount owed by a business to a creditor for the merchandise or services purchased on open account (i.e., without the giving of a note or other evidence of debt). It is also called ?A/P? or just ?Payables?. Accounts Payable are the current bills a business owes to suppliers.

Accounts Receivable:

Money owed a business enterprise for merchandise bought on open account. It is also called "A/R" or just "Receivables". Accounts Receivable are the amounts owed to a company by its customers and/or employees.

Accrual Basis:

The practice of record keeping by which income is recorded when earned and expenses are recorded when incurred, even though the cash may not be received or paid out until later.

Accrual Basis Of Accounting:

Accrual basis of accounting is based upon generally accepted accounting principles. It recognizes income when it is earned and not when it the cash received and recognizes expenses when they are owed and not when you pay them. Accrual basis of accounting includes Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable, and Inventory. The practice of record keeping by which income is recorded when earned and expenses are recorded when incurred, even though the cash may not be received or paid out until later.

Accrued Expenses:

These are expenses incurred during an accounting period for which payment has not been made.

Accrued Income:

Income earned during a fiscal period but not actually received during that fiscal period.

Accrued Liability:

These are liabilities which have occurred, but have not been paid during an accounting period. Examples would include accrued wages payable, accrued sales tax payable, and accrued rent payable.

Accrued Liability Expenses:
Expenses incurred during a fiscal period but not paid by the end of that fiscal period.

Accumulated Depreciation
Total DEPRECIATION pertaining to an ASSET or group of assets from the time the assets were placed in services until the date of the FINANCIAL STATEMENT or tax return. This total is the CONTRA ACCOUNT to the related asset account.

Additional Paid in Capital
Amounts paid for stock in excess of its PAR VALUE or STATED VALUE. Also, other amounts paid by stockholders and charged to EQUITY ACCOUNTS other than CAPITAL STOCK.

Adjusted Basis


After a taxpayer's basis in property is determined, it must be adjusted upward to include any additions of capital to the property and reduced by any returns of capital to the taxpayer. Additions might include improvements to the property and subtractions may include depreciation or depletion. A taxpayer's adjusted basis in property is deducted from the amount realized to find the gain or loss on sale or disposition.

Adjusted Gross Income
Gross income reduced by business and other specified expenses of individual taxpayers. The amount of adjusted gross income affects the extent to which medical expenses, non business casualty and theft losses and charitable contributions may be deductible. It is also an important figure in the basis of many other individual planning issues as well as a key line item on the IRS form 1040 and required state forms

Adjusted Sales Price:
Selling price minus expenses of sale, minus fix-up expenses.

Adjusting Entries:

Adjusting entries are special entries that are made prior to closing the books for the accounting period. An example of an adjusting entry would be adjusting payroll taxes to actual based upon supporting documentation.

Aging Accounts Receivable:

Grouping customer accounts according to due dates.

Aging Report:

An aging report is a list of customers' accounts receivable amounts by age. The report is usually divided into columns of 30-day increments such as 0-30, 31-60, 61-90, 91-120, and 120+. It alerts management to any slow paying customers.

Allowance For Bad Debts:

It is also called Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. It is an estimate of uncollectible customer accounts. It is called a "contra" account because it is listed with the current assets on the balance sheet although it is a credit balance account. The account balance is determined through use of the Historical Method or Over 90 Days Past Due Method.

Allowance (Reserve) For Depreciation:

The allowance for depreciation is the accumulation of amounts charged to expense to write off the cost of a fixed asset over its estimated useful life. The allowance account does not necessarily measure the decline in value of the related asset nor does it represent a specific fund of cash or other assets set aside to replace the related asset.

American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA):

The letters AICPA are the acronym for the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Most certified public accountants in private practice are members of the AICPA.

Amortization:

The gradual reduction of a debt by means of equal periodic payments sufficient to meet current interest and liquidate the debt at maturity. When the debt involves real property, often the periodic payments include a sum sufficient to pay taxes and hazard insurance on the property.

Amortization Expense:

Amortization expense is that portion of an intangible asset that is being written off for the year. For example, if goodwill has a fifteen-year life with a value of $60,000, the amortization expense on the straight-line method would be $4,000 ($60,000 divided by 15 years.)

Amount Realized:
The selling price minus the selling expenses.

Annuity
Series of payments, usually payable at specified time intervals

Assets:
Anything owned by an individual or a business, which has commercial or exchange value. Assets may consist of specific property or claims against others, in contrast to obligations due others. Assets are things of value held (usually owned) by the business. Assets are balance sheet accounts. Examples are cash, accounts receivable, inventory, and fixed assets.

Average Daily Balance:

The average amount of money that a customer keeps on deposit. It is determined by adding the daily balances of an account for a given length of time, and dividing the total by the number of days covered.

Average Inventory:

The approximate amount of merchandise on hand during a certain period.

Tuesday, March 25, 2008

China Credibility and the unrest in Tibet

Until recently, China has been very successful in portraying itself as a country that is modernizing, if not successfully modernized, politically and economically. Although China is not yet a democracy, it has been moving in that direction, albeit slowly, as indicated by the increasing importance of local elections and local political actors.
However, as the recent unrest in Tibet continues, Chinese government actions toward the demonstrations and riots have invited many criticisms. Nancy Pelosi, the speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, just visited Dalai Lama and appealed to the international community to speak against the Chinese government's crackdown on the demonstrations and riots, and the plan to arrest individual perpetrators of the protests.
Has this event and the Chinese government's handling of it undermined China's position and credibility in the international community? Several pieces of evidence suggest the event has only somewhat undermined China's position and credibility, but not by much.
Instead internally, the Chinese government has gained legitimacy among the Chinese majority by showing its ability to maintain stability and a commitment to sustain the unity of China. The Chinese government has been very successful domestically in portraying the unrest in Tibet as an attack against the Han Chinese majority and has gained significant results politically.
The opinions within the international community have been divided. There are differences of opinion among different countries and even differences within each of these countries. To understand the variation of the opinions we must understand that there are several interrelated but different issues which are: the use of force by the Chinese government in suppressing the protests, the violent acts by the protesters, the pursuit of autonomy by some and the pursuit of independence by other Tibetans. In addition we must also understand that opinion is not separable from interests.
Unlike Pelosi, many world leaders did not specifically condemn the Chinese government, but instead condemned the violence in general. This clearly means that many world leaders do not direct their criticism only at the Chinese government but also toward the protesters who turned to the use of violence.
U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and the pope have urged restraint on both sides. U.S. President George W. Bush is still planning to attend the Olympic Games in China. The Vatican after the unrest has been reported to meet with a representative of the Chinese government, a report that the Vatican did not deny or confirm. Even the Dalai Lama has publicly conveyed his disagreement with the use of violence by protesters.
A few days ago, World Public Opinion released a polling result from the citizens of six countries (United States, France, Great Britain, South Korea, Indonesia and India) about their opinion on the Chinese government's handling of the issue of Tibet. The polling was conducted before the unrest, and shows that in four countries (United States, France, Great Britain and South Korea) the people do not favor China's policies toward Tibet. In Indonesia and India, there is a more favorable view toward China's policies. This gap is due to the fact that Indonesia and India, unlike the other four countries, have been facing significant security problems from separatist movements. This shows that opinions on this issue can be based more on experience and interests rather than on the attitude toward violence.
If this is true, that it is good news for the Chinese government. The good news here is that it can still win the support of people who are still unfavorable toward China on this issue by making China indispensable to them.
Besides, an unfavorable view of China's handling of the issue of Tibet does not mean that the international community supports the independence of Tibet. Many people support Tibet's autonomy but not as many people support Tibet's independence.
In summary, although the unrest and the continuing problem of separatism in Tibet pose a threat to China's credibility, the Chinese government has been very successful in winning the support of many players in the international community. China's policies on the issue of Tibet might not gain full international support, but China's agenda to keep China united has gained widespread support domestically and internationally.
In addition, the continuing unrest in Tibet has actually strengthened the Chinese government instead of undermining it.
In the past, the Chinese government under the Communist Party gained legitimacy based on its role in winning independence for China. The Chinese government established itself as the liberator of China.
As China moves away from the revolutionary period, the Chinese government can depend less and less on the revolutionary legacy. Instead, the Chinese government has to base its legitimacy on the ability to sustain economic growth, and to sustain the unity of China.
Threats to stability that can undermine these bases of legitimacy and its survival will not be tolerable for the Chinese government as well as for the people of China. This logic is true for any government in the world, and this the international community must understand when dealing with China.
The writer is a PhD candidate in the Political Science Department at Northern Illinois University. He can be reached at stanuwid*niu.edu. Sunny Tanuwidjaja , Dekalb , Illinois Wed, 03/26/2008 1:15 AM Opinion

Sunday, March 23, 2008

Robert Toru Kiyosaki


Robert Toru Kiyosaki (born April 8, 1947) is an investor, businessman, self-help author and motivational speaker. Kiyosaki is best known for his Rich Dad, Poor Dad series of motivational books and other material. He has written 18 books which combined have sold over 26 million copies.[1] Although beginning as a self-publisher, he was subsequently published by Warner Books, a division of Hachette Book Group USA, currently his new books appear under the Rich Dad Press imprint. Three of his books, Rich Dad Poor Dad, Rich Dad's CASHFLOW Quadrant, and Rich Dad's Guide to Investing, have been on the top 10 best-seller lists simultaneously on The Wall Street Journal, USA Today and the New York Times. The book Rich Kid Smart Kid was published in 2001, with the intent to help parents teach their children financial concepts. He has created three "Cashflow" board and software games for adults and children and has a series of "Rich Dad" audio cassettes and disks. He also publishes a monthly newsletter.

A fourth-generation Japanese American, Kiyosaki was born and raised in Hilo, Hawaii. He is the son of the late educator Ralph H. Kiyosaki (1919-1991). After graduating from Hilo High School, he attended the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy in New York, graduating with the class of 1969 as a deck officer. He later served in the Marine Corps as a helicopter gunship pilot during the Vietnam War, where he was awarded the Air Medal. Kiyosaki left the Marine Corps in 1974 and got a job selling copy machines for the Xerox Corporation. In 1977, Kiyosaki started a company that brought to market the first nylon and Velcro "surfer" wallets. The company garnered moderate success at first but would eventually go bankrupt. In the early 1980s, Kiyosaki started a business that licensed T-shirts for Heavy Metal rock bands.[2] Kiyosaki's foray into the motivational speaking business began with "Money & You", a seminar company started by Marshall Thurber. These 3-1/2 day personal growth seminars focused on teaching people financial strategies and helping them achieve financial freedom. In 1985, Kiyosaki took over the seminar business with Thurber's former partner, D.C. Cordova. They promptly shifted the market to Australia and New Zealand. In 1994, he shut down the business due to adverse publicity and "retired". Around 1996–1997 he launched Cashflow Technologies, Inc. which operates and owns the Rich Dad (and Cashflow) brand.
He is married to Kim Kiyosaki.

A large part of Kiyosaki's teachings focus on generating passive income by means of investment opportunities, such as real estate and small businesses, with the ultimate goal of being able to support oneself by such investments alone. In tandem with this, Kiyosaki defines "assets" as things that generate money, such as rental properties or businesses, and "liabilities" as things that cost money, such as house payments, cars and so on. Kiyosaki also proclaims financial leverage to be critically important in becoming rich.
Kiyosaki stresses what he calls "financial literacy" as the means to obtaining wealth. He says that life skills are often best learned through experience and that there are important lessons not taught in school. He says that formal education is primarily for those seeking to be employees or self-employed individuals, and that this is an "Industrial Age idea". And according to Kiyosaki, in order to obtain financial freedom, one must be either a business owner or an investor, generating passive income.
Kiyosaki speaks often of what he calls "The Cashflow Quadrant," a conceptual tool that aims to describe how all the money in the world is earned. Depicted in a diagram, this concept entails four groupings, split with two lines (one vertical and one horizontal). In each of the four groups there is a letter representing a way in which an individual may earn income. The letters are as follows.
E: Employee — Working for someone else
S: Self-employed or Small business owner — Where a person owns his own job and is his own boss.
B: Business owner — Where a person owns a "system" of making money, rather than a job to make money.
I: Investor — Spending money in order to receive a larger payout in return.
In late 2006 Kiyosaki teamed up with the business tycoon Jared Houston.[3] Houston and Kiyosaki have had similar experiences with "left Vs right side of the quadrant" mindsets. While Kiyosaki received much of his "B" and "I" from "Rich Dad", Houston obtained a lot of his from Rich Dad like characters like Fox Magee, Christian David, And Gengarellas. They have been refining some of the basic principles that Kiyosaki teaches. Both of these multi-millionaires share a passion in teaching, and both also are solid on their beliefs that the right side of the quadrant is freedom. These two are still working together, and are expected to come out with a book together late 2008 that will challenge the foundation of Trump's work.
For those on the left side of the divide ("E" and "S"), Kiyosaki says that they may never obtain true wealth. Conversely, those on the right side of the divide ("B" and "I") are supposedly following the only road to true wealth.

Gampingan Temple


Reading the Message from Nirvana in Gampingan TempleNot all temples have typical, beautiful relief since generally they are decorated with statues and general relief as those found in almost all other temples. One of the temples with specific, beautiful relief is Gampingan, a temple that was incidentally found by a brick craftsman in Gampingan Village, Piyungan, Bantul in 1995. Small and incomplete, Gampingan temple is still rich in the enchanting relief.
One of the reliefs that we can see in this temple is the animal relief at the foot of it. The animal relief in this temple looks so natural that we can name the described animals. It is quite rare to find such relief; at least, they are only Prambanan and Mendut temples that have similar relief. All of the reliefs are decorated with ivory plant, namely padmamula (the roots of lotus plant) that is believed to be the source of life.
When YogYES walked around the temple, it clearly look that birds dominate the decoration. There is a relief of a raven with its big beak, robust body, up stretching wings and the fan-like tail. There is also a relief of a woodpecker that is described to have a crest on its head, rather long, pointed beak, and not-stretched wings. Besides, there is also a crow with distended chest and wings stretching downward.
The making of many bird reliefs in this temple relates to community belief in transcendental power of birds. It was believed that birds are manifestation of the deities or nirvana. Birds are also related to human absolute freedom that is attained after the renunciation, the symbol of human soul that leaves its body.
Other animal that is often described in the temple is frog. The community believed that frogs have supra natural power to send rain so that it was also believed to increase productivity, because the rain will be able to increase the harvest. The frogs that usually come up from waters also symbolize life renewal and the awakening towards better direction.
The relief still leaves a question of whether it is a fable (the animal story told to children) like the one in Mendut temple or a description of animals that was intentionally made to denote certain meaning. Such question rises because the description of the animals in the temple was not found in any books containing fables such as Jataka, Sukasaptati, Pancatantra and its hereditary versions.
Gampingan temple that is predicted to be built between 730 - 850 AC is believed to be the place for adoring Jambhala (god of prosperity, the child of Siva). The idea is based on the finding of Jambhala statue in the digging process. Jambhala is described to have been meditating; sitting crossed-legged while closing the eyes. The body was decorated by iconographical element (asana) in the form of a lotus with 8 pieces of leaves as the symbol of Vishnu mystical weapon (cakra) in the human body.
The figure of Jambhala in this temple is different from those in other temples. Generally, Jambhalas in other temples are described with wide eyes looking at the worshippers with various accessories symbolizing prosperity and luxury. This different description is believed to be based on the worship motivation, not to invoke prosperity but guidance in order to achieve the real happiness.
Visiting Gampingan temple will lead us to remembering the path we have taken to achieve happiness and prosperity. Relief that is dominated by animals that live in the surrounding environment could be the realization of local community's wisdom by that time in representing a message from nirvana: mankind must keep the harmony of nature in order to live in prosperity and to avoid disaster.

Sambisari Temple


21 Yeas construction the Sambisari Temple "Puzzle"Mr. Karyowinangun did not have any hunch of what was going to happen on one early morning in 1966. When he was preparing the ground for cultivation with his hoe, he felt it bumping a big stone. When he checked it, he saw carvings on the stone. Karyowinangun and the local people wondered about the existence of the stone.
Knowing the discovery, the archeological department came to the site and defined Karyowinangun's field to be archeological site. The carved stone was supposed to be part of a temple that possibly was buried in the area. Excavation was then executed to find hundreds slabs of stone and ancient statues. It turned to be true that those stones were components of a temple.
After 21 years, we can enjoy the beauty of the temple. The temple building named Sambisari stands grandly in Sambisari Village, Purwomartani Sub-District, Kalasan District, Sleman Regency, 10 kilometer away from Yogyakarta city center. You can reach this place by going eastward through the Yogya-Solo road until you see a signboard directing to this temple. Then, you turn left to follow the road.
Arriving at the area of the temple, YogYES first got surprised. Looking at the center of the temple area, there was an only pile of stones of less than 2 meters high. YogYES wondered if it Sambisari temple was that small? Approaching nearer, we will find the answer. In fact, Sambisari temple is 6,5 meters below the surrounding land.
Sambisari temple is predicted to be constructed between 812 - 838 AD, possibly under the government of Rakai Garung. The complex of the temple consists of 1 main temple and 3 supporting temples. There are 2 fences surrounding the temple complex, on the fences was totally reconstructed, while the other was only showed a little in the east side of the temple. Still function as borders, there are 8 stand phalluses distributed in each point of direction.
The main temple building is unique since it does not have shoe basement like other temples in Java. At the same time, the foot of the temple functions as the foundation to make the temple even on the ground. The foot part of the temple is left plain, without reliefs or decorations. Various elements most of them are of plants ornaments are found on the body to the outer part of the temple top. The ornaments look like batik motif.
Stepping up the stairs of the entrance of the temple, we will see an ornament of a dragon in the open mouth of makara (the magical animal in Hindu mythology). The figure of makara in Sambisari is an evolution of the makara form in India that can be in the form of a unification of elephant and fish or a crocodile and curved-tail fish.
The narrow verandah as wide as 1 meter will be found after passing through the last stair of the main temple entrance. Walking around it, you will see 3 cavities with one statue in each of them. In the north part, there is a statue of Durga (the wife of Siva) with 8 hands each of which is holding a weapon. Meanwhile, in the east side, there is Ganesha statue (son of Durga). In the southern side, there is Agastya statue with aksamala on his neck.
Entering the primary compartment of the temple, we can see quite big phallus and yoni measuring at around 1.5 meters. Its existence shows that this temple was build as the place for worshipping Siva. The phallus and the yoni behind this temple were also used to make the holy water. Usually, the water is poured on the phallus and let flow toward the small ditch on the yoni, then it is accommodated in a container.
Exiting from the main temple to go westwards, we will be able to see the three supporting temples (perwara) standing in the opposite direction. There was a prediction that this perwara temple was intentionally constructed without roof because when excavation was done, no roof stones were discovered. The inner part of the central supporting temples (perwara) has a square saucer decorated with dragon ornament and a padmasana on it. Possibly, padmasana and the saucers were utilized as places for statues or offerings.
When we have been satisfied with enjoying the beauty of the temple, we may leave for the information room. Some photographs featuring the rice field owned by Mr. Karyowinangun before the excavation and the early condition of the temple at the early time of the discovery. There are also photographs of the excavation processes and the temple reconstruction that lasted for tens of years, including the photographs of other goods such as bronze statues found during the excavation that are kept in Building of Archeological Heritance Preservation.
The beauty of Sambisari temple that we can enjoy at present time is the result of hard works of the archeologists for 21 years. The temple that initially looked like a giant puzzle was reconstructed piece by piece for the continuation of one more heritance of the great culture in the past.

Discipline Children

Ten Wrong To disciplne Children
Dalam dunia yang ideal, orang tua mempunyai kesabaran, toleransi, pengertian, fleksibilitas dan energi yang tak terbatas dalam membimbing anak. Tapi tak ada seorang pun yang sempurna.Kadang kala, seorang ayah harus belajar menjadi ayah yang baik seumur hidupnya. Berikut ini beberapa kesalahan umum yang dibuat seorang ayah ketika mendisiplinkan anaknya.
1. Membentak atau Berteriak.Membentak mungkin cara yang efektif untuk membuat anak menurut, namun anak yang sering mendapat bentakan akan belajar bicara dengan nada serupa. Anak akan tumbuh menjadi kasar. Tanya diri Anda sendiri, sukakah Anda dibentak?Ketika Anda marah, usahakan jangan bertindak apa-apa dulu, ambil napas dan berjalan-jalan sebentar di teras. Lebih baik menyimpan teriakan Anda hanya untuk keadaan darurat.
2. Menuntut Tindakan Segera.Orang tidak akan merespon dengan baik perintah seperti “Cepat kerjakan!”, atau “Sekarang juga!” karena tidak menunjukkan penghargaan. Lebih baik jika Anda meminta dengan halus tapi tegas.
3. Mengomel.Omelan sering muncul dari mulut orang tua yang mencoba tetap sabar. Mereka tidak ingin marah tapi berusaha menuntut anak melakukan perintahnya. Lebih baik, Anda memberi batasan waktu, beri peringatan jikan anak membandel, dan berikan hukuman jika anak tidak mengerjakan apa yang menjdi tugasnya. Misalnya, tidak boleh bermain game sebelum membereskan kamar tidurnya.
4. Menggurui.Orang tidak begitu tertarik mendengar pembicaraan satu arah, tanpa interaksi. Menggurui anak kadang tidak menunjukkan permasalah sebenarnya. Misalnya, anak yang selalu telat mengerjakan PR malah diceramahi soal pentingnya pendidikan, bukan soal kegunaan mengerjakan PR dan keterlambatan anak mengerjakannya.
5. Memaksa.Ini termasuk penggunaan tekanan fisik agar anak menurut. Misalnya, menyeret dia ke dokter gigi. Tanyakan kenapa dia menolak atau takut dan beri penjelasan kenapa dia harus menuruti Anda. Ini akan membantu anak menjelaskan perasaannya.
6. Marah berlebihan.Bereaksi atau marah berlebihan akan melukai perasaan anak dan membuatnya bingung. Jika Anda terlanjur marah besar kepada anak, katakana maaf dan beri dia penjelasan. Dengan begitu, anak akan belajar tentang perasaan dan mengerti manusia bisa berbuat keliru.
7. Meremehkan atau memberi cap.Tanpa sadar, orang tua sering meremehkan atau membuat malu anak. Tindakan ini dapat membuatnya kurang percaya diri dan merasa tidak aman. Contohnya, “Kamu ini sudah besar kok masih seperti bayi?” atau “Papa tidak akan pulang kalau kamu masih nakal”.Hati-hati dengan kata-kata Anda, usahakan selalu memberi peringatan positif. Memberi cap, gelar, atau panggilan buruk berdampak tak baik bagi anak. Jangan pernah memanggil anak dengan kata-kata seperti, “monyet”, “kurus”, “gendut”, atau “hitam”.
8. Menjebak.Orang tua yang cenderung menghukum sering berusaha menangkap kebohongan anak dan menunjukkan buktinya dengan mencecar seperti pengacara di pengadilan. Lebih baik berkata langsung dengan bukti yang ada dan minta penjelasan.
9. Mencari Kambing Hitam.Orang tua kadang menyalahkan anak atas situasi yang dialaminya. Contohnya, “Kenapa sih kamu selalu membuat papa marah?” atau “ Papa bekerja keras untukmu, dan sekarang kamu …” ini akan membuat anak merasa bertanggung jawab terhadap semua masalah di dunia ini.
10. Hukuman Fisik.Mendisiplinkan anak tak mungkin diperoleh dengan hukuman fisik yang keras. Anak akan menjadi kasar dan tidak hormat. Hubungan ayah dan anak bisa rusak. Lebih baik Anda merenung, apakah Anda senang diperlakukan seperti itu sewaktu kecil? Humanhealth)
http://www.ditplb.or.id/2006/index.php?menu=profile&pro=279

Learning Style

Tipe Belajar Visual. Bagi siswa yang bertipe belajar visual, yang mememgang peranan penting adalah mata / penglihatan ( visual ), dalam hal ini metode pengajaran yang digunakan guru sebaiknya lebih banyak / dititikberatkan pada peragaan / media, ajak mereka ke obyek-obyek yang berkaitan dengan pelajaran tersebut, atau dengan cara menunjukkan alat peraganya langsung pada siswa atau menggambarkannya di papan tulis. Ciri-ciri Tipe Belajar Visual : Bicara agak cepat Mementingkan penampilan dalam berpakaian/presentasi Tidak mudah terganggu oleh keributan Mengingat yang dilihat, dari pada yang didengar Lebih suka membaca dari pada dibacakan Pembaca cepat dan tekun Seringkali mengetahui apa yang harus dikatakan, tapi tidak pandai memilih kata-kata Lebih suka melakukan demonstrasi dari pada pidato Lebih suka musik dari pada seni Mempunyai masalah untuk mengingat instruksi verbal kecuali jika ditulis, dan seringkali minta bantuan orang untuk mengulanginya Mengingat dengan Asosiasi Visual 2. Tipe Belajar Auditif. Siswa yang bertipe auditif mengandalakan kesuksesan belajarnya melalui telinga ( alat pendengarannya ), untuk itu maka guru sebaiknya harus memperhatikan siswanya hingga ke alat pendengarannya. Karena akan sia-sialah guru yang menerangkan kepada siswa tuli, walaupun guru tersebut menerangkan dengan lantang , jelas dan dengan intonasi yang tepat. Ciri-ciri Tipe Belajar Auditif : Saat bekerja suka bicaa kepada diri sendiri Penampilan rapi Mudah terganggu oleh keributan Belajar dengan mendengarkan dan mengingat apa yang didiskusikan dari pada yang dilihat Senang membaca dengan keras dan mendengarkan Menggerakkan bibir mereka dan mengucapkan tulisan di buku ketika membaca Biasanya ia pembicara yang fasih Lebih pandai mengeja dengan keras daripada menuliskannya Lebih suka gurauan lisan daripada membaca komik Mempunyai masalah dengan pekerjaan-pekerjaan yang melibatkan Visual, seperti memotong bagian-bagian hingga sesuai satu sama lain Berbicara dalam irama yang terpola Dapat mengulangi kembali dan menirukan nada, berirama dan warna suara 3. Tipe Belajar Kinestetik. Siswa yang bertipe belajar ini belajarnya melalui gerak dan sentuhan. Ciri-ciri Tipe Belajar Kinestetik : Berbicara perlahan Penampilan rapi Tidak terlalu mudah terganggu dengan situasi keributan Belajar melalui memanipulasi dan praktek Menghafal dengan cara berjalan dan melihat Menggunakan jari sebagai petunjuk ketika membaca Merasa kesulitan untuk menulis tetapi hebat dalam bercerita Menyukai buku-buku dan mereka mencerminkan aksi dengan gerakan tubuh saat membaca Menyukai permainan yang menyibukkan Tidak dapat mengingat geografi, kecuali jika mereka memang pernah berada di tempat itu Menyentuh orang untuk mendapatkan perhatian mereka Menggunakan kata-kata yang mengandung aksi . http://re-searchengines.com/art05-65.html

Learning Style Survey

Careers GLC2O1 St. Patrick’s Catholic High School

Name: Section: ­­­­­_______


LEARNING STYLES SURVEY

For these questions, choose the first answer that comes to your mind. Do not spend too much time thinking about any question. Circle your answers.
1. Which way would you rather learn how a computer works?
a. watching a video about it
b. listening to someone explain it
c. taking the computer apart and trying to figure it out for yourself
.

2. When you are not sure how to spell a word, which of these are you most likely to do?
a. write it out to see if it looks right
b. sound it out
c. write it out to sense how it feels

3. If you were at a party, what would you be most likely to remember the next day?
a. the faces of the people there, but not the names
b the names but not the faces
c. the things you did and said while you were there

4. How would you rather study for a test?
a. read notes, read headings in a book, look at diagrams and illustrations
b. have someone ask you questions, or repeat facts silently to yourself
c. write notes out on index cards and make models or diagrams

5. What do you find most distracting when you are trying to concentrate?
a. visual distractions
b. noises
c. other sensations like hunger, tight shoes, or worry

6. How do you prefer to solve a problem?
a. make a list, organize the steps, and check them off as they are done
b. make a few phone calls and talk to friends or experts
c. make a model of the problem or walk through the steps in your mind

7. Which are you most likely to do while standing in a long line at the movies?
a. look at the posters advertising other movies
b. talk to the person next to you
c. tap your foot or move around in some other way

8. You have just entered a science museum. What will you do first?
a. find a map showing the locations of the various exhibits
b. talk to a museum guide and ask about exhibits
c. go into the first exhibit that looks interesting and read directions later



9. When you are happy, what are you most likely to do?
a. grin
b. shout with joy
c. jump for joy

10. Which would you rather go to?
a. an art class
b. a music class
c. an exercise class

11. Which of these do you do when you listen to music?
a. daydream (see image go with the music)
b. hum along
c. move with the music tap your foot, etc.

12. How would you rather tell a story?
a. write it
b. tell it out loud
c. act it out

13. Which kind of restaurant would you rather not go to?
a. one with the lights too bright
b. one with the music too loud
c. one with uncomfortable chairs


Total your a’s, b’s, -and c’s.
- If you scored mostly a’s, you have a visual learning style. You learn by seeing and looking
- If you scored mostly b’s, you have an auditory learning style You learn by hearing and listening.
- If you had mostly c’s, you have a kinesthetic learning style. You learn by touching and doing.
- If you picked two letters about the same number of times, you depend on both of those learning styles.

SUMMARY

Letter # Style
a _____ Visual
b _____ Auditory
c _____ Kinesthetic
13


Adapted from ‘for Kids: 40 Fun Tests that Help You learn About Yourself.’ by Jonni Kincher. (c) 1995. 1990. Used with permission of Free Spint Publishing. All rights reserved
(c) 2001 mcgraw-hill ryerson ltd reproduction granted for classroom use only
.

Taxonomy bloom


What Is Bloom's Taxonomy?
(taxonomy = classification)
The taxonomy was proposed in 1956 by Benjamin Bloom, an educational psychologist at the University of Chicago.
Bloom's Taxonomy divides educational objectives into three "domains:" Affective, Psychomotor, and Cognitive.
Within each domain are different levels of learning, with higher levels considered more complex and closer to complete mastery of the subject matter.
A goal of Bloom's Taxonomy is to motivate educators to focus on all three domains, creating a more holistic form of education.
The diagram above illustrates the cognitive process dimension of the revised version of Bloom's taxonomy in the cognitive domain (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001).
.
It depicts the belief that remembering is a prerequisite for understanding and that understanding is a prerequisite for application.
Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives. New York, USA: